Alfa Romeo 8C Spider (2009)

Alfa Romeo 8C Spider

Put together by Alfa's Centro Stile and production limited to 500 cars, this new open top Alfa Romeo 8C Spider immediately entices with that unmistakable "Italian elegance", a unique and inimitable style that hints at its typically sporty Alfa handling.

Under the bonnet is a powerful 8 cylinder 4.7 litre engine producing 450 HP, matched to a 6 speed robotic gearbox, the new Alfa Romeo 8C Spider is truly beautiful, powerful and rock solid, where its gracious lines and dimensions gel perfectly with typical Alfa Romeo engineering and drive-ability. Needless to say, alongside this attractive Spider is the Alfa 8C Competizione, the epitome of Alfa Romeo's innovation in the fields of engines and engineering, heightened competitiveness and continuous technological research.

Caterham R500 (2009)

Caterham R500

For those really serious about their driving, the famous supercar-slaying R500 moniker is back with the arrival of the all-new Caterham Seven Superlight R500.

The latest model from the British sportscar manufacturer takes the minimalist, lightweight Seven philosophy to a new level with more power, sharper handling and for those venturing on track the option of launch control and the Caterham Motorsport engineered sequential gearbox.

Weighing just 506kg and producing 263bhp, Caterham R500 is the most potent race-tuned production Seven yet.

The Series 3 chassis flagship model blasts out 520bhp-per-tonne and is capable of propelling itself from 0-60mph in 2.88 seconds, delivering a pure adrenalin fix for those committed enough to strap themselves into the Kevlar race seats.

The original Caterham R500 was legendary, with the old Rover K-series powered machine rewriting performance records for 0-60mph and 0-100-0mph times. This new variant has been equipped to supersede its predecessor by embracing the very latest in lightweight engineering techniques and technology.

Lurking under the lightened bonnet is the all-alloy 2.0 litre Ford Duratec engine. Fed by its roller barrel throttle bodies, the normally aspirated, four-cylinder mill is tuned by Caterham Powertrain (CPT) to unleash a monster; 263bhp with a heaving 177 lb-ft of torque transmitted to the rear wheels. The relentless acceleration is transmitted through each ratio by either the standard 6-speed gearbox or the optional Caterham Motorsport engineered sequential transmission.

To help reign in such extreme performance are race-developed Avon CR500 tyres and a suspension set-up that includes weight saving aero wishbones and fully adjustable dampers. Bringing things ferociously to a halt are four-piston calipers clamping on vented discs at the front and lightweight twin piston rear calipers.

Performance upgrades for the Caterham R500 aimed squarely at the track day market include a sequential transmission, launch control, a gulping Carbon Induction Airbox and Eibach Springs and dampers derived from the Caterham C400 race series.

The Caterham R500 isn't just about big performance statistics though; refinements and Seven firsts feature throughout and help distinguish it from its stablemates.

In true Colin Chapman spirit, engineers sought to add lightness to the chassis in order to improve the overall performance.

To shed a massive 9kg from the already featherlight chassis utilised by the R400, Caterham left no bolt unscrewed - more carbon and Kevlar feature than previously, thinner body panels have been utilised right through to aluminium rear light housings.

Discreet exterior styling tweaks carried over from the flagship CSR models offer both form and function - the carbon winglets increasing downforce and the cat's tongue grill aiding cooling and aerodynamics. A carbon leather boot cover and clear rear lights are also new.

Housed within the revised chassis is keyless ignition, a quick-release Momo steering wheel with integrated indicator switches and an innovative dashboard featuring flush fitted switchgear, ACES sequential gear change lights and a new Stack display with scrolling text. The carbon dash is also finished with a detailed engraved plaque to show each car's number.

On sale immediately, the factory built Superlight R500 starts at £36,995.

Toyota Hilux High Power (2009)

Toyota Hilux High Power

There are few challenges left for Toyota's mighty Hilux, a car that has toughed it out in the world's most extreme environments for decades and which only last year made history by conquering the Arctic to become the first car to drive to the Magnetic North Pole. If those achievements alone didn't leave the competition reeling, they are about to suffer another high-powered blow.

The Commercial Vehicle Show marks the debut of a new Hilux version that is set to become the most powerful production pick-up model on the UK market. With numbers limited to just 500 units, it also promises to be one of the most sought-after, too.

It is equipped with the 3.0-litre D-4D engine that already features in the Hilux Invincible, but thanks to a Toyota Motorsport diesel engine performance kit, maximum output is increased to a massive 194bhp (197 DIN hp). This slashes the nought to 62mph acceleration time from 13.0 to 10.5 seconds (11.4 seconds for automatic versions).

There is an even greater hike in torque performance, with a maximum 430Nm (up from 343Nm) sustained all the way from 1,600 to 3,200rpm.

Hilux is styled to reflect its pre-eminent position in the pick-up market, with dedicated 15-inch alloy wheels and stainless steel mesh grille. The cabin is finished in a special two-tone grey leather, with heated front seats.

Following its debut at the CV Show at the National Exhibition Centre in Birmingham on 15th of April 2008, the new range-topping Hilux will go on sale in the UK in the summer. Prices and full specification details will be announced nearer the on sale date.

Honda Pilot (2009

Honda Pilot

The Honda Pilot is among an elite group of sport utility vehicles that helped elevate the "crossover" segment in the last decade by introducing a combination of smooth ride comfort, accommodating interior packaging and overall efficiency that traditional SUVs lacked. The Pilot's unit body construction and fully independent suspension helped transform the SUV segment by enhancing ride quality, earning top crash safety ratings, creating more interior space and increasing fuel efficiency. The original Pilot provided a recipe for success with features eventually imitated by the competition like a standard third row seat, decision-free four-wheel drive and an easy-to-configure interior.

The second generation of the Honda Pilot seeks to improve on the popular Honda SUV formula by adding more SUV-rugged aesthetics, more on-road refinement and enhancing interior functionality. Designed around the concept of an "intelligent adventure vehicle" with the practical needs of a family in mind, the eight-passenger Pilot provides bolder SUV styling, more clever and more accommodating interior packaging and advanced technologies for safety, fuel efficiency and convenience.

Body

The Honda Pilot is built on a crossover SUV platform that combines the safety, packaging and handling advantages of a car-based unit body design while still delivering the rugged versatility that mainstream consumers most frequently use in a SUV. The Pilot's highly-rigid platform with isolated front and rear subframes provides the foundation for many of its refined attributes, including its outstanding handling agility, exceptional ride comfort, world-class safety performance and packaging efficiency. The Pilot's SUV ruggedness is supported with confidence-inspiring traction in rain and snow, medium duty off-road capabilities from 8.0 inches of ground clearance and a maximum tow rating of 4,500 pounds (4WD models).

For 2009, the Pilot's body integrates the Advanced Compatibility Engineering™ (ACE®) body structure for enhanced frontal crash safety with vehicles of different bumper heights, along with the most extensive use of high strength steel in any Honda automotive product to date. A bolder styling direction embraces a clean and functional approach with crisp, three-dimensional lines that create a dynamic shape with strength and solidity.

Interior

The interior of the Honda Pilot is designed to provide a comfortable experience for all passengers in business class style. For 2009, the key areas of improvement concentrate on increasing spaciousness, knee room, general comfort and accessibility while maintaining the optimal mid-size SUV exterior. The design goal of the interior was to create best-in-class functionality that truly sets it apart from the competitive set. A 2.9-inch longer and 1.0-inch-wider exterior contributes to an additional 4.1 cubic feet of space inside (EX-L), with much of that space resulting in greater practicality for the 2nd row, 3rd row and cargo area. Some of the latest technology and features from Honda culminate in a new Touring edition that includes the newest generation of the Honda Satellite-Linked Navigation System™, Bluetooth® HandsFreeLink™ mobile phone connectivity, available DVD entertainment system with DTS surround sound, a power tailgate and more. A rearview camera is standard on the Pilot EX-L and Pilot Touring models.

Styling-wise, a functional, strong and intelligent design theme emanates from a massive-looking, wide center stack using clean, crisp lines and a combination of richly textured surfaces. The instrument panel intelligently organizes switchgear into zones for audio, climate controls and navigation (if equipped). An interface dial, similar to the one used in the Honda Accord, is used to control the navigation system on the Pilot Touring.

Chassis

As a crossover SUV that mixes car sensibilities with the truck capabilities, the Honda Pilot is designed to deliver a confident, secure and fun driving experience with outstanding isolation of undesirable noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) for exceptional comfort in all driving conditions. The fully-independent chassis design also provides the foundation for the Pilot's capabilities as a people and cargo hauler, as well as an off-road vehicle.

The Honda Pilot provides an exceptionally-wide wheel track of 67.7 inches front and 67.5 inches rear for high levels of handling stability and interior space. Chassis components were designed to provide for well-controlled body motions with ride and handling characteristics that are balanced and secure. The use of fully isolated front and rear suspension subframes enhances the Pilot's outstanding NVH controls to provide a ride that is quiet and secure.

Powertrain

The Honda Pilot is designed to provide a comfortable, confident and fun driving experience with plenty of power to match its capabilities as an eight-passenger SUV with off-road capabilities and up to 4,500-pound towing capabilities (4WD). For 2009, Honda engineers prioritized fuel efficiency for the all-new Pilot and applied the latest generation of the company's Variable Cylinder Management technology to all models. Low emissions, a broad torque curve and low maintenance were also key development targets.

The Honda Pilot is powered by an advanced 3.5-liter 24-valve i-VTEC, V-6 engine mated to an electronically-controlled 5-speed automatic transmission. Peak engine output is 250 horsepower at 5700 rpm and 253 lb-ft. of torque at 4800 rpm. The "intelligent" Variable Valve Timing and Lift Electronic Control (i-VTEC®) valvetrain technology with Variable Cylinder Management (VCM) allows the V-6 engine to operate in six-cylinder mode for power and four- and three-cylinder modes for efficiency. The Pilot meets California's stringent Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle (ULEV-2) exhaust emissions standards. A fully-automatic Variable Torque Management 4-wheel drive system (VTM-4) is available on all models and delivers seamless "decision free" application of four-wheel drive when needed.

Safety

Honda has consistently challenged itself to pursue vehicle safety as part of its core business strategy. The company seeks to provide a high level of occupant protection and pedestrian injury mitigation in all of its cars and trucks through a comprehensive and evolving approach to vehicle safety. This process benefits all new Honda vehicles - regardless of size or price - while also increasing compatibility with other types of vehicles in a frontal collision.

The 2009 Honda Pilot exemplifies the Honda approach to safety. Every Honda Pilot incorporates side-curtain airbags and dual-chamber, front-side airbags with a passenger-side Occupant Position Detection System (OPDS); and active front seat head restraints that are designed to help reduce the severity of neck injury in the event of a rear collision.

An Advanced Compatibility Engineering™ (ACE®) body structure in the front of the vehicle, now added to Honda Pilot for the first time, makes the new Pilot highly effective at absorbing the energy of a frontal crash and helps minimize the potential for under-ride or over-ride situations that can occur during head-on or offset-frontal impacts with a significantly larger or smaller vehicle. Vehicle Stability Assist™ (VSA®) and an Anti-lock Brake System (ABS) with brake assist are standard equipment on every Honda Pilot.

Additional standard safety features include dual-stage, dual-threshold front airbags, front seatbelts with automatic-tensioning systems and load limiters, and a pedestrian injury mitigation design in the front of the vehicle. Driver and front passenger seatbelt reminders and daytime running lights are also standard equipment. A class-leading total of four Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children (LATCH) positions provide rigid attachment points for up to four child seats.

Land Rover Discovery 3 (2009)

Land Rover Discovery 3

The 2009 Land Rover Discovery 3 made its global debut at the 78e Salon International de l'Automobile, Geneva (March 6-16, 2008). The eye-catching exterior revisions for 2009 add fresh refinement to the acclaimed exterior design - incorporating new front and rear body colour bumpers, body coloured wheel arches and revised exterior detailing.

The pure and clean exterior design has been refined with a re-profiled front bumper, (body coloured on all models), and revised rear bumper and wheel arches, which are body coloured on higher trim levels [SE and HSE -application varies by market]. The distinctive, asymmetric two-piece tailgate now comes with body coloured tailgate lift handle and the attention to detail continues with the revised "tungsten" coloured side vent, "tungsten" door handles on higher trim levels, and clear-lens side repeaters across the range.

A new 19-inch 7-spoke wheel style and three new exterior metallic paint colours - Santorini Black, Galway Green and Bournville [black with a hint of brown] - complete the exterior changes for 2009. Interior upgrades include a new "almond" trim colour and an updated Bluetooth system.

Phil Popham, Land Rover managing director, comments; "with almost 100 international awards to date, the Land Rover Discovery 3 has earned itself a reputation as the ultimate all purpose vehicle. The latest revisions add to an already class-leading package to build on the Land Rover Discovery 3's unique position as one of the most versatile vehicles in the world - on-road refinement to rival executive saloons, flexibility to surpass people carriers and class-leading all terrain capability."

Vauxhall Insignia (2009)

Vauxhall Insignia

With its groundbreaking design and sophisticated technology, the new Insignia takes Vauxhall's new-found design language to another level. The premium styling of the new five-seater - initially available in hatchback and saloon guise - clearly defines Vauxhall's philosophy of making advanced technology and attractive design affordable.

The Vauxhall Insignia boasts a flowing, powerful silhouette with a coupé-like roofline. The body's sculpted shape is accented by sweeping front and rear light designs and enhanced by a bold radiator grille with a new-look Vauxhall emblem. A distinctive "blade" feature runs from behind the front wheel along the side of the car, further emphasising its taut and rakish lines.

"We've re-defined our design vocabulary," says Mark Adams, Vice President Design, GM Europe. "The Insignia is muscular, but lithe and curvaceous. Our aim was to develop a confident look which reinforced the car's superb driving dynamics, but also one that made it clear that this was a premium product, albeit still at a highly competitive price in its class."

Vauxhall's unique design language spreads into the cabin of the Vauxhall Insignia, bringing new levels of luxury, style and quality. The dashboard's top-pad wraps around from the instrument panel to the door, creating a unique wing-shape and embracing the occupants. Ambient lighting, which will be featured in future Vauxhall models, radiates a warm, luxurious aura. Much emphasis has also been put into the development of the seats, which set the highest standards in ergonomics, comfort and safety.

Vauxhall's unique expertise in lighting technology is underpinned by the Vauxhall Insignia's latest generation AFL (Adaptive Forward Lighting) system. Nine different light beam settings automatically adjust themselves to cater for various driving conditions, simultaneously enhancing safety and driving pleasure. Moreover, the distinctive styling signature of the front and rear light clusters adds to the Vauxhall Insignia's unique design.

"As each feature demonstrates, the Vauxhall Insignia is the result of our quest to develop a car that combines striking design, excellent driving dynamics and innovative technology," says Hans Demant, Vice President, Engineering for GM Europe.

The further enhanced IDSPlus active chassis system helps the car adapt to prevailing driving conditions. The Vauxhall Insignia will be offered with front-wheel and all-wheel drive. The new 'Adaptive 4X4' system's proactive, instantaneous torque distribution not only ensures optimal traction but also enhances dynamic handling performance.

The Vauxhall Insignia is available with five engines at launch. All meet the Euro 5 emissions standard and come with either manual or automatic six-speed transmissions. The three petrol engines range from a four-cylinder 140PS unit to a V6 with 260PS. Two new 2.0-litre direct-injection diesels engines will be offered with power outputs of either 130PS or 160PS. In time, the Vauxhall Insignia engine line-up will be extended with an EcoFLEX version offering ultra-low CO2 emissions in addition to other, more powerful variants.

"The Insignia is one of our most ambitious projects to date, and we will be revealing the full extent of our technological progress when the car is officially launched at the British International Motor Show in London on July 22," says Andy Gilson, Marketing Director, Vauxhall Motors.

The Vauxhall Insignia was developed by GM Europe with a significant contribution coming from Vauxhall's Engineering Centre at Millbrook in Bedfordshire, UK.

Opel Insignia (2009)

Opel Insignia

A new name, a new car, a new ambition. With its groundbreaking design and sophisticated technology, the Opel Insignia makes a quantum leap toward rejuvenating the brand and providing the perfect opportunity to discover Opel. The styling of the new 4.83 meter five-seater clearly expresses Opel's strategy to make advanced technology and attractive design affordable.

The Opel Insignia boasts a flowing, powerful silhouette with a coupé-like roofline. The body's sculpted shape is accented by a distinctive radiator grille with a newly-designed Opel emblem. Unmistakable design elements include a sweeping front and rear light "wing" signature and a "blade" side contour that begins directly behind the front wheel and glides through the entire side of the body. Both details give the Opel Insignia's a muscular but graceful allure.

"With Insignia we are introducing an exciting new sophisticated design vocabulary, which combines sculptural artistry with German precision," says Mark Adams, Vice President Design, GM Europe. "Our aim was to develop a confident look which compels the world to experience for themselves the superb driving dynamics the Insignia radiates."

Echoing the exterior, the interior shapes and surfaces, which articulate this promise for exciting mobility, are crafted with high quality materials. The dashboard wraps around from the instrument panel to the door in a very sophisticated way, embracing the occupants. This wing theme will be echoed across all Opels. Red ambient lighting, which also will be featured in future Opel models, vibrate a warm, luxurious aura. A lot of emphasis too has been put into the seating, which set the highest standards in ergonomics, comfort and safety.

Opel's pioneering role and unique expertise in lighting technology continues in the Opel Insignia with the latest generation AFL Adaptive Forward Lighting system: Nine different light beam settings automatically adjust themselves to cater to various driving conditions, simultaneously enhancing safety and driving excitement. Another new element on the AFL system is the LED daytime running lights, which consume considerably less energy than a conventional system featuring halogen lamps, thereby lowering CO2 emissions from 6 g/km to nearly zero.

"As each feature demonstrates, the Opel Insignia is the result of our quest to develop a car that combines striking design, excellent driving dynamics and innovative technology" says Hans H. Demant, Managing Director, Adam Opel GmbH.

The Opel Insignia is offered from the start with front-wheel and all-wheel drive. The "Adaptive 4X4" system's proactive, instantaneous torque distribution not only ensures optimal traction but also enhances driving stability and dynamic handling performance. In the all-wheel drive Opel Insignia, the FlexRide mechatronic chassis system with its Adaptive Stability Technology helps the car adjust to prevailing driving conditions and allows the driver to select settings to match his mood. FlexRide is also available in the front-wheel version.

The Opel Insignia will launch with an exceptionally broad range of seven engines. All meet Euro 5 emissions standards and come with either manual or automatic six-speed transmissions. The four gasoline engines range from a four-cylinder 115 hp unit to a V6 with 260 hp. The three new direct-injection diesels feature a displacement of 2.0 liter and outputs spanning from 110 to 160 hp. Subsequently the Opel Insignia engine line-up will be expanded with an EcoFLEX version offering very low CO2 emissions in addition to other, more powerful variants.

"The Opel Insignia sets new standards in technology and innovation -- this will be obvious right from the launch. But we are keeping several cards up our sleeves when it comes to environmental compatibility, excitement and safety, which we will play strategically overtime" says Alain Visser, Chief Marketing Officer, GM Europe.

The Insignia notch- and hatchback will debut July 22, 2008 at the London Motor Show and hit showrooms starting in November. The Opel Insignia was developed at GM Europe's International Technical Development Center in Rüsselsheim, Germany, which also is home to its production. The Rüsselsheim facility is one of the most advanced car plants in the industry.

Audi Q5 (2009)

Audi Q5

The new Audi Q5 combines the poise of a sports saloon with highly variable interior and versatile options for leisure-time and family use. Strong and efficient engines, quattro permanent all-wheel drive and agile running gear incorporating the innovative seven-speed S tronic dual-clutch transmission and Audi drive select control system have been brought together to create a performance SUV for all seasons and all surfaces.

The dimensions alone indicate that this is a SUV of all-new proportions. Measuring 4.63 metres long and 1.88 metres wide, the Audi Q5 is just 1.65 metres high, giving it a more purposeful stance than any of its competitors. What's more, this SUV sets another benchmark in its class with a low drag coefficient of 0.33.

With its elegant, flowing lines the design of the Q5 is perfectly in tune with the character of Audi as a brand. The front end is dominated by expressive headlights on both sides of the large single-frame grille; on request, they can be equipped with bi-xenon lamps and LED daytime running lights. Viewed from the side, the large wheels and rising edges are especially prominent features.

Crowned by a rail, the elegant slope of the roof underscores the slim, coupe-like styling. At the rear, the wraparound tailgate - made from aluminum like the bonnet - clearly identifies this SUV as a relative of its older brother, the Audi Q7. The tail lights are available with distinctive LED lighting technology as well.

Audi offers three different options for the external trim of the Q5 - black (standard), contrasting colour or a full body-coloured paint finish. Two body packages are available as well. The S line exterior package imparts a more sporty look to the performance SUV, while the alternative off-road style package with underbody protection in the front and back and 19-inch wheels gives the SUV a more robust character.

Long wheelbase, roomy interior

At 2.81 metres in length, the wheelbase is the longest in its segment, creating a roomy interior on board the Audi Q5. The vehicle comfortably accommodates five persons in ergonomically designed seats that can be flexibly arranged. The backrests for the rear seats are angle-adjustable and especially easy to fold down by activating the remote release lever in the luggage compartment. This compartment, offering access to a second storage area under the floor, then expands from 540 to 1,560 litres in volume. Optional extras include a rail mounting kit for luggage, a net partition and a luggage compartment liner.

The Audi Q5 has been designed to make light work of leisure-time and family activities. As an option, Audi offers the "rear bench seat plus", which slides 100 millimetres lengthwise to provide a load-through facility. The front passenger's seat can be outfitted with a folding backrest for transportation of long objects such as surfboards. Numerous practical storage compartments, drink holders, bottle holders and onboard power outlets are supplied as standard, and on request Audi even offers a climate-controlled drink holder to keep drinks hot or cold. The optional storage package features another clever detail as well - an attachment point in the passenger-side footwell to which various storage fixtures can be attached.

Top-of-the-line safety equipment is a given for Audi cars. On the front seats, the belt force limiters and airbags work together in a new and especially intelligent manner. Much of the body of the Audi Q5 is made of high- and ultra-high-strength steel components assembled with maximum precision. They reduce weight while at the same time improving crash safety as well as rigidity and vibration patterns.

The Audi Q5 employs design elements typical of the brand in the interior, but adds its own unique variations - the driver-oriented cockpit is set higher, for example, in keeping with the upright seating position. The exemplary ergonomics are classic Audi though, as is the liberal usage of fine materials such as aluminium, exclusive woods, chrome, leather and Alcantara, as well as a large selection of optional design packages.

The Audi Q5 comes standard with an electromechanical parking brake, an intelligent chip key, a climate control system and a display screen in the instrument cluster depicting, among other things, the recommended ideal gear for efficient driving in the given situation. A large, central monitor is part of the standard equipment as well. When an onboard navigation system is added, many of the controls are shifted to the MMI panel on the centre console. This is the next generation of the best operating system on the market - with even more intuitive graphics and control via the large rotary pushbutton.

Strong and efficient - the engines

The Audi Q5 launches with three engine variants - one petrol engine and two TDI units. All of the engines are direct-injection models with a turbocharger - characterized by outstanding performance, strong propulsive power and polished refinement while at the same time offering impressive fuel efficiency.

The 2.0 TFSI has been entirely redesigned. The four-cylinder engine unites three high-tech features - turbocharging, petrol direct-injection technology and the innovative Audi valvelift system for variable control of valve lift.

The high torque of 350 Nm is available at 1,500 rpm and remains constant up to 4,200 rpm, with performance peaking at 211PS. The Audi Q5 2.0 TFSI sprints from 0 to 62mph in 7.2 seconds, can reach a top speed of 138mph and averages 33.2mpg.

Drawing on four cylinders and two litres of displacement as well, the 2.0 TDI is superbly refined thanks to a new common-rail fuel injection system; like the petrol engine, it has two balancing shafts. With 350 Nm (between 1,750 and 2,500 rpm), this diesel engine delivers its typically strong response from an impressive 170PS. Combined fuel consumption of 42.1mpg is proof of Audi's successful efficiency strategy. The two-litre TDI catapults the Audi Q5 from 0 to 100 km/h (62.14 mph) in 9.5 seconds, peaking at a top speed of 204 km/h (126.76 mph).

The most powerful engine in the line-up is the 3.0 TDI. This V6 diesel engine delivers 240PS and 500 Nm of torque, which is available between 1,500 and 3,000 rpm. With outstanding response and refinement, it takes the Audi Q5 from 0 to 62mph in 6.5 seconds, accelerates to a top speed of 139mph and covers 36.6mpg on the combined cycle.

Seven speeds - the new S tronic

The 2.0 TDI transfers its power to a six-speed manual transmission. Audi has built innovative technology into both the 3.0 TDI and 2.0 TFSI - the S tronic, a new twin-clutch transmission with seven speeds. This high-tech component can execute gearshifts in just a fraction of a second while offering exceptional comfort and high efficiency. Drivers can let the seven-speed S tronic shift automatically or select gears manually, when desired with rocker switches on the steering wheel.

As in the new Audi A4, the position of the component units in the drivetrain has been altered in the Audi Q5 - the differential is located in front of the clutch, directly behind the engine. This solution, which made it possible to move the front axle much further forward, creates a long wheelbase and optimum distribution of axle load. It is precisely these features from which the Audi Q5 derives its unique strengths - good directional stability, high comfort and impressive dynamics.

The pioneer of all-wheel drive, Audi equips the Audi Q5 as standard with quattro permanent all-wheel drive. In normal running conditions, the transfer case distributes the power to the front and rear axle in a 40:60 ratio for a rear-focused style that enhances driving pleasure. When needed, the quattro driveline can deliver up to 65 percent of the power to the front axle and a maximum of 85 percent to the rear axle.

The latest generation running gear in the Audi Q5 also contributes to its outstanding composure. The five-link front axle and trapezoidal-link rear axle are made primarily from aluminium, the steering box below directs the steering impulse directly to the wheels. Large brakes ensure high retardation. The Audi Q5 will ride on lightweight lightweight alloy wheels ranging in size from 17 to 20 inches in diameter.

The new performance SUV from Audi offers precision, reassurance and comfort at the same time. Its electronic stabilization program (ESP) has been re-designed and enhanced with innovative functions such as a sensor that "tells" the ESP if a roof rack has been mounted, causing the Audi Q5's centre of gravity to be shifted higher in keeping with the roof load of up to 100 kilograms. If a roof rack is present, the ESP engages earlier in the handling limit. Without a roof load, the driver is free to tap into the full dynamic potential of the Audi Q5.

The Audi Q5 is suitable for all purposes and driving surfaces. Capable of towing up to 2.0 tons, this powerful vehicle delivers excellent performance in rough terrain as well. The standard hill descent control system makes it safe to navigate down steep inclines by regulating the preselected speed when driving at under 19mph. The ESP and its sub-function, the ABS, have special ranges for off-road driving. The ESP focuses on achieving maximum traction in off-road driving; the ABS automatically recognizes the consistency of the driving surface and selects the ideal strategy for sand, gravel or loose rocks.

The numbers speak for themselves: The Audi Q5's climbing capability of 31 degrees of incline is exceptional. The overhang angle is 25 degrees thanks to the short front overhang. The ramp breakover angle, determined by the wheelbase, is 17.5 degrees. Ground clearance is an impressive 20 centimetres, with a fording depth of up to 50 centimetres when driving through water.

Audi drive select - for more driving pleasure

An extensive package of high-end technologies makes the Audi Q5 even more driver focused. The optional control system Audi drive select guides the operation of various technology components and is available in several upgrade variants. At the touch of a button, the driver determines how much emphasis should be placed on comfort or agility. The MMI operating system offers a fourth mode, which can be individually programmed.

Audi drive select is available with two innovative components. One is an electronic controller for the shock absorbers, the other is Audi dynamic steering. Fitted with a superposition gear, it continuously varies the steering ratio and the power steering assistance depending on the speed driven - which means less steering effort is required when parking, and firm steering with low sensitivity at higher speeds. At the handling limits, the dynamic steering stabilizes the Audi Q5 in conjunction with the ESP by means of instantaneous steering interventions.

The new performance SUV from Audi leaves the production line with a generous range of standard equipment including an audio system with eight speakers. A highly contemporary modular system of components is available for multimedia options - the highest upgrade level features a Bluetooth telephone, a DVD drive, a TV tuner, an intelligent speech control system, an iPod interface and a top-of-the-line sound system from the Danish specialists Bang & Olufsen. The excellent navigation system boasts a high-resolution monitor for new, three-dimensional representation of maps. The hard disk from which the system reads can also save music files in MP3 format.

The assistance systems: Straight from the luxury class

On request, the Audi Q5 can also be equipped with an array of high-tech, onboard systems taken directly from the premium class to make driving an even more relaxed experience. These include the Audi parking system advanced with rearview camera, Audi lane assist (the lane departure warning system) and Audi side assist, which warns of hazards when changing lanes. Adaptive cruise control maintains a constant distance between the performance SUV and the vehicle in front.

Additional high-tech extras for the Audi Q5 include the advanced key for keyless access to the vehicle, a tyre pressure monitoring system, the large panoramic glass sunroof with additional tilting function, the triple-zone climate control system, sun blinds for the rear side windows, the dynamic cornering light system known as Audi adaptive light, an electric tailgate and a swivelling trailer hitch. The high-beam assistant automatically switches between the high and low beams. On request, the front seats can be electrically adjusted, heated and ventilated - Audi offers the extras from the luxury class in its new performance SUV here as well.

Ford Fiesta S (2009)

Ford Fiesta S

n a blast of Passion Orange, Ford proudly revealed its all-new global small car - the Ford Fiesta - as a vibrant five-door hatch. The all-new Ford Fiesta has been reinvented for a new generation of customers.

Designed and developed in Europe for sale in Europe, Asia, South Africa, Australia and the Americas between 2008 and 2010, the all-new Fiesta is the first major product of Ford's new global product development process.

The all-new Ford Fiesta's dynamic character is accentuated by its bold kinetic design. Its distinct character is further accentuated with major strides in craftsmanship, quality of materials and product choice while continuing to represent Ford Fiesta's traditional strengths of practicality, value for money, agility and safety.

All- new Ford Fiesta clearly embodies the exterior hallmarks of kineticdesign, which has so convincingly infused emotion into the core of the Ford range in Europe and Asia.

The reveal in Europe in March of the three-door and five-door Fiesta hatch and now the China reveal of the five-door Fiesta hatch confirm that all-new Ford Fiesta will bring the most appealing elements of Verve Concept to production reality.

"I've been saying just wait for the all-new Fiesta to see how kinetic design can be translated into a small car," said Martin Smith, Executive Director of Design for Ford of Europe. "Now the wait is over. New Fiesta evokes an instant emotional response that says 'I want one' which extends the traditionally practical values of the Fiesta brand to appeal to a new, style-conscious generation of small car buyers."

Listening to Fiesta's Audience

Market research is an important tool, but actually listening to the target Fiesta buyer was a key to developing the initial Verve Concepts and the resulting Fiesta. "Our customers told us the qualities they wanted in a new small car. They told us they wanted it to be bold, exciting, fun and they wanted to be proud to own and drive it," said John Parker, Ford Motor Company executive vice president, Asia Pacific and Africa. "We're hearing now from our potential customers that they are surprised and delighted. We're confident a new generation of small car buyers will take a close look at the all-new Ford Fiesta."

Fiesta Has Global Plans

The all-new Ford Fiesta is closely related to the exciting trio of Verve Concepts that were revealed globally at 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show as a three-door hatch, at 2007 Guangzhou Motor Show in China as a four-door notchback, and at 2008 North American International Auto Show in Detroit as another iteration of a four-door notchback. Both four-door Verve Concept sedans were tailored to regional market tastes.

Together, these concepts paved the way for the company's new global small-car program for 2008 to 2010.

Ford designers and product development engineers in Europe have led the all-new Ford Fiesta's global development process.

"The all-new Ford Fiesta is the first car born from our new global product development process," said Joe Bakaj, Vice President of Product Development, Ford of Europe. "More than ever, we're leveraging our global product development expertise, and this car sets the scene for future great products for customers around the world that are already being developed behind it in the Ford Global Product Development System pipeline."

China Production

China production of the all-new Ford Fiesta commences before end of 2008 at the Changan Ford Mazda Automobile (CFMA) plant in Nanjing, China. The $510million state-of-the-art manufacturing facility, which commenced operations in September 2007, has the flexibility and scalability to satisfy initial capacity of 160,000 vehicles per year. The all-new Ford Fiesta will be produced at Nanjing.

"The Verve Concept so confidently combined exciting design with the promise of a fun, exciting car to drive. The all-new Fiesta delivers on the promise we made with Verve Concept. The all-new Fiesta is a dynamic car and is unlike any of its competitors in China," said Bob Graziano, President and CEO of Ford Motor China. "It proves that a small car can be desirable."

By 2010, Ford's Fiesta small-car family will be manufactured in Europe, Asia and the Americas and be marketed as Fiesta in all of the world's key automotive markets. The all-new Fiesta with truly enjoy global reach and identity.

European Engineering

Ford designers and engineers in Europe have been absolutely committed to keeping Fiesta a compact car and remained diligent on reducing weight through the entire development process. The result is a light-weight, compact Fiesta which really pays off when it comes to fuel efficiency and targeting CO2 emissions.

Component by component, the Ford development team scrutinised for weight but refused to compromise on key areas that are important to Fiesta customers. One of the biggest is safety, where all-new Fiesta makes a bold step forward with an extremely robust safety structure.

The all-new Ford Fiesta makes extensive use of ultra high-strength steels in its body structure. A remarkable amount of these specialist steels, including boron steel and dual-phase steel, is the secret to Fiesta's quantum leap in structural stiffness for its light weight. These steels are used particularly in safety critical areas, such as the A-pillar and B-pillar, part of the ultra-rigid 'door ring' structure of the Fiesta bodyside.

Extending Fiesta's traditional excellence in driving dynamics was also a priority. The all-new Fiesta will have a dynamic character to match its poised, kinetic design style hinting at energy in motion. Ford's acclaimed dynamics engineers responsible for fine tuning Focus and Mondeo driving dynamics also worked hard to enhance Fiesta's ride comfort and isolate road, wind and powertrain noise from the cabin, and to give the new model an impressively quiet driving quality for a small car.

The all-new Fiesta retains the MacPherson strut front suspension and twist-beam rear suspension layout that has been one of its traditional strengths, but the new suspension and steering system has undergone an array of enhancements.

Electric-Power Assist Steering (E-PAS) is introduced in the Fiesta for the first time. E-PAS provides the right balance of low-speed assistance and excellent feel and responsiveness.

E-PAS has another key benefit. It is another key facet of new Fiesta's initiatives to reduce fuel consumption.

The electric power steering pump only operates when steering-effort assistance is required, unlike traditional hydraulic PAS pumps that operate constantly when the engine is running. This brings a fuel consumption reduction.

Bold, Dynamic, Sculpted

The bold colours and sculpted surfaces of the all-new Ford Fiesta indicate how deeply the spirit of the Verve Concept has been carried into production as the latest model of Ford's kinetic design family.

Exciting and vibrant production colours include the Beijing reveal colour of Passion Orange and the bright Lightning Yellow to awaken Fiesta's bold and independent character.

The muscular, coupé-like profile and athletic presence of the all-new Fiesta demonstrates that none of the emotional appeal of the concept cars has been diluted in the production-ready five-door Fiesta hatch.

"All the vital elements of kinetic design combine to create a visually rich, dynamic exterior shape that is very close indeed to the original concept car," said Martin Smith, Ford of Europe's Executive Director for Design. "Full surfaces, bold graphics and dynamic lines combine coherently and harmoniously to create a dynamic spirit of fun and energy in motion."

With a feeling of toned muscularity, the all-new Ford Fiesta asserts an air of confidence, stylishness and individuality. Its aggressively contoured bonnet and front fenders convey a broad-shouldered stance, and its face features a distinctive signature element - a bold lower trapezoidal grille that draws attention and reinforces the key Ford attribute of sporty driving dynamics.

Chrome and brightwork are used selectively, like jewellery accents, to convey elegance and sophistication.

Large and full of character directly from the Verve concepts, Fiesta's bold headlamps become part of the shoulder shape and extend aggressively rearward almost as far as the stylishly raked A-pillars. The headlamp units incorporate all primary front lighting and signal functions - complemented on the lower bumper flanks by round, optimal aluminium lamps.

The all-new Ford Fiesta's profile emphasises its new, cab-forward shape and an attitude of poised, sporty style. The sweeping roofline extends appealingly from the forward-stretching A-pillar rearward, framing the bold graphic of the Fiesta side window profile to create the sporty feeling of a coupé for the five-door body style.

The Fiesta side windows combine to create a unified profile window graphic - a key kinetic design element that communicates dynamism. An elegant accent of chrome frames the lower edge of the side glass and accentuates the signature Ford "kick-up" at its rear.

The all-new Fiesta also features the signature bold wheel arches that communicate the vehicle's stance and dynamic capabilities, giving visual emphasis to new large-diameter alloy wheels.

Dynamic, kinetic design lines arc from side to side, uniting the upper corners of the tail lamps with the distinctive spoiler, which incorporates a slim LED stop lamp array. The sculpture of the body shapes is accented by elements like the new tail lamp - another Verve element that feels like it is an integral part of the body - and the V-shaped tailgate's chamfered rear glass.

Full technical details of the new Fiesta will be released closer to the formal launching of the production model before the end of 2008.

Mercedes-Benz GLK 350 4MATIC (2010)

Mercedes-Benz GLK 350 4MATIC

Mercedes-Benz released official pictures and information of the all-new Mercedes GLK-Class sport utility vehicle. The versatile SUV will debut at Auto China in Beijing on Sunday, April 20, and make its U.S. dealer showroom debut in January 2009 as a 2010 model.

Powered by a 268-horsepower, 3.5-liter V6 engine the 2010MY GLK 350 will form the basis of the U.S. lineup, and will be offered in both 4MATIC and two-wheel-drive versions, riding on standard 19-inch 10-spoke wheels with 235/50 tires. The GLK features a 108.5-inch wheelbase and boasts unique design language which sets it apart from the rest of the highly successful Mercedes-Benz family of SUVs that includes the M-Class (which spurred the trend toward more car-like SUVs), the larger GL-Class, the crossover R-Class and the iconic G-Class.

Showcasing bold exterior design, generous cargo capacity and available 4MATIC all-wheel-drive, the GLK 350 combines the perfect balance of styling, versatility and performance. The 2010 Mercedes-Benz GLK-Class will be produced exclusively at the Mercedes-Benz plant in Bremen, Germany.

Aggressive Styling and a Unique Personality

With its poised, confident presence, the GLK-Class leaves no doubt about its intent to conquer the compact premium SUV segment. In sharp contrast to the relatively soft forms of other similar-sized vehicles, the striking, angular profile of the GLK sets it apart from the competition. From its steeply-raked windshield to the integrated rear spoiler on its tightly styled roof section, the bullish shape of the new Mercedes GLK suggests power and agility, and echoes the G-Class -- the iconic pioneer of the Mercedes-Benz SUV family.

Mercedes-Benz Design Chief Prof. Peter Pfeiffer adds: "With the G-Class we created a style icon that has been a benchmark in SUV design for the past 30 years. Combining this bold concept with the latest Mercedes-Benz design idiom makes the GLK a vehicle of genuine character."

Beautiful proportions (length 178.3 inches, width 72.4 inches, height 66.9 inches) and styling combine classic angular shapes together with the distinctive design features found in contemporary Mercedes-Benz passenger cars. Taut lines and large, expansive surfaces mix with the traditional characteristics of a proper off-road vehicle, such as short overhangs, an upright front end, slim roof pillars, and a steeply raked windshield. Generous angles of approach and departure combined with impressive ground clearance allow the GLK to handle light off-roading with ease. On-road, the clear layout of the exterior and good all-around visibility, combined with a commanding seating position, enhance everyday practicality and relaxed driving, even in dense city traffic.

A Luxurious, Feature-Rich Interior

The GLK boasts a long list of standard equipment, including details not typically found in this vehicle class. Inside, a two-zone automatic climate control system, adjustable steering column, front seats with electrically adjustable height and backrest angle (including seat inclination adjustment) and manual lumbar support with two-way adjustment for the driver's seat are all standard on the GLK. Standard integrated Bluetooth interface for mobile phones, a microphone for the hands-free system and a central 5-inch color display round out the list of interior appointments.

The 2010 Mercedes-Benz GLK features all the impressive design and safety technology found in other Mercedes-Benz models, including standard front and side air bags as well as window air bags. Among its many comfort and convenience features is an available rear-seat entertainment system featuring two eight-inch screens, wireless headphones and an integrated dual-source DVD player.

The distinctive looks of the GLK exterior are seamlessly continued inside, with luxurious materials and precise detailing. The taught, sculpted lines of the dashboard dominate the interior, visually extending into the door panels to lend additional width to the generously dimensioned cockpit. Luxurious Sienna Pine wood with chrome trim highlights the dashboard and door panels at the front and rear, while the upper section of the encompasses the instrument cluster and the standard 5-inch color display. The driver's armrest features integrated cupholders and the standard controller for the audio functions and the optional COMAND multimedia system are located in ergonomically ideal positions between the front seats. Control of the individual menus is intuitive, following the familiar and well-proven layout used in the current C-Class and S-Class models. Additional shortcut buttons provide direct access to the most important main functions. Front and rear headroom figures are 39.8 inches and 39.7 inches respectively, while the cargo area boasts 23.3 cubic feet of storage. Cargo capacity balloons to 54.7 cubic feet when the 1/3:2/3-split rear seats are folded forwards.

A Wealth of Optional Equipment for the GLK buyer

Contributing to the versatility of the new SUV, five option packages as well as nine stand-alone options are planned for the 2010 Mercedes-Benz GLK 350. The popular Premium 1 package offers GLK buyers a spacious Panorama Sunroof, SIRIUS satellite radio and a power liftgate. Customers seeking even more luxury can opt for the Premium 2 package, which adds Bi-Xenon headlamps with adaptive lighting and headlamp washing system, rain sensing windshield wipers, memory settings for the driver's seat, and much more. The Multimedia Package (which debuted on the new C-Class) adds COMAND with hard-drive Navigation as well as a rear-view back-up camera. Exterior options include an Appearance Package offering larger 20-inch 7-spoke wheels and Aluminum roof rails and, for the interior, an Upholstery Package adds interior lighting, a full leather interior and burl walnut trim.

Available 4MATIC All-Wheel-Drive System

The optional all-wheel-drive powertrain at the heart of the GLK 350 4MATIC is one of the most capable systems on the market. The dynamic ESP®, ASR and 4ETS driving systems work in concert to ensure top-notch longitudinal and lateral control and superb handling stability both on and off-road. Thanks to a compact, longitudinally designed engine, transmission and transfer case arrangement, the system offers various advantages over its counterparts equipped with a transversely installed drive unit. Estimated 23 mpg highway fuel consumption is on a par with comparable rear-wheel vehicles, while vibration and noise levels rival those of luxury models.

The 45:55 torque distribution between the front and rear axle - along with the ESP®, ASR and 4ETS dynamic handling control systems - guarantees effortless and exceptional performance. Loss of traction on snow or ice is compensated for by the newly developed multi-disc clutch in the center differential, which provides a basic partial locking torque between the front and rear axle. This arrangement produces a significant increase in traction while maintaining directional stability.

Agility Control Suspension

The sophisticated Agility Control suspension on the new Mercedes GLK-Class helps resolve a common paradox facing the SUV segment - how to create a vehicle that combines agile on-road comfort with off-road capability. For sporty, responsive handling, the suspension and, above all, the shock absorbers need to provide a certain firmness however, this may compromise comfort and limits off-road performance. If the vehicle is setup with softer dampers, dynamic handling naturally suffers. Thanks to "amplitude-dependent damping" the suspension can adjust to perform in either driving conditions. During normal driving on moderately contoured roads or slow off-road manoeuvres, the system responds softly, enhancing both the occupants' comfort and the vehicle's off-road capability. During more spirited driving or when performing abrupt evasive maneuvers, the dampers adjust to a harder setting ensuring optimum handling stability. Additionally, speed-sensitive power steering supports the driver with a precise balance of high-speed road feel and low speed maneuverability. Maximum power assistance is available during parking and off-road driving, while at higher speeds, the assistance is reduced in favor of greater handling stability.

In addition to a tire pressure warning system, the tried-and-tested Electronic Stability Program (ESP®) for the GLK incorporates a vehicle/trailer stabilization function, which helps maintain control while towing a trailer by applying the individual wheel brakes as required. The GLK offers a maximum tow rating of 3,500 lbs.

Complete Safety Package for Maximum Occupant Protection

In combination with the front and rear deformation zones, the GLK's high-strength passenger cell provides a highly efficient foundation for the occupant protection systems, which include:

• Adaptive, two-stage airbags for the driver and front passenger
• Front side-impact airbags
• Windowbags across both seat rows from the A-pillar to the C-pillar
• Active head restraints for the driver and front passenger
• Crash-optimized pedal system
• 3-point seat belts for all five seats
• Belt tensioner and adaptive belt-force limiter for the driver and front passenger, belt tensioner and single-stage belt-force limiter for the outer rear seats
• ISOFIX child seat attachments
• Belt height adjuster for the driver and front passenger
• Belt status indicator for the rear passengers in the instrument cluster

Mercedes remains true to the philosophy that the best accidents are the ones that are avoided entirely. With this in mind, standard equipment for all GLK models includes Brake Assist (BAS), which shortens the braking distance significantly -- especially during panic braking -- to help prevent accidents or at the very least mitigate their consequences. The front section incorporates precisely defined crumple space between the body and the major assemblies beneath, allowing the hood to yield considerably if hit by a pedestrian, cyclist or motorcyclist. Together with the specially designed front bumpers and the softer foam of the integrated bumper impact absorbers, these measures afford pedestrians a high degree of protection.

Proven V6 Powerplant

The new sport utility is destined to be one of the most fuel-efficient Mercedes-Benz vehicles ever. Smaller and lighter than its well-known SUV siblings, the GLK features a fuel-sipping 3.5-liter V6 engine, a sophisticated seven-speed automatic transmission and available 4MATIC full-time four-wheel-drive. All of these components combine to give the GLK 350 an impressive 0-60 time of just 6.5 seconds (estimated) while achieving an 23 mpg (estimated) on the highway.

Both the GLK 350 and GLK 350 4MATIC are matched with a seven-speed automatic transmission as standard. Low overall weight (estimated 4,036 lb. curb weight) and the exceptional aerodynamics for a vehicle of this design (cd figure 0.35) further contribute to the exceptional performance and low fuel consumption.

Much as the latest C-Class sedan has brought a new level of sporty driving and ride comfort to the sedan world, the new Mercedes GLK brings a new combination of agility and comfort to the SUV market. The GLK also broadens and extends the Mercedes-Benz sport utility line with cutting-edge engine and four-wheel-drive technology packaged in a stylish vehicle that's the perfect size for today's busy family.

The Widest Range of SUVs

Mercedes-Benz offers the widest range of SUVs in the premium segment, the GLK being the brand's fifth model in the series. In response to customers' wishes, the company's Family of SUV's has grown to include the R-Class, M-Class, GL-Class and G‑Class. The new Mercedes GLK is the latest addition to this successful line-up.

Mercedes-Benz GLK-Class (2010)

Mercedes-Benz GLK-Class

Brimming with genuine character, the new Mercedes-Benz GLK-Class is set to take the world of compact SUVs by storm. Yet it is not just the distinctive all-rounder's practical and appealingly compact body form that sets it apart from the competition. It also brings together what were previously seen as entirely contradictory attributes. The Agility Control suspension serves up a unique blend of outstanding handling dynamics, exceptional driving safety and superlative ride comfort. Meanwhile the sophisticated, variable 4MATIC all-wheel-drive system joins forces with the latest electronic control systems to deliver consummate on-road performance and superb off-road suitability. It is precisely this kind of combination that lends the Mercedes-Benz GLK-Class such immense appeal. The GLK-Class may be one of the more road-oriented Mercedes-Benz SUVs, but the "G" - alluding to the archetypal Mercedes off-roader - still has a rightful place in the model name.

Superlative performance comes courtesy of the powerful yet economical and eco-friendly four and six-cylinder engines. The BlueEFFICIENCY version of the GLK 220 CDI features the new entry-level four-cylinder diesel engine from Mercedes-Benz, which develops 125 kW/170 hp yet only consumes 6.9 litres of diesel per hundred kilometres. And the unshakeable foundations of the Mercedes-Benz GLK-Class are similarly impressive. The highly robust body is key to the pioneering passive-safety setup, the extremely low noise levels, the exceptional degree of interior comfort - to produce that typical Mercedes feeling of wellbeing - and the high value retention. Furthermore, exemplary appointments and attractive equipment packages make the GLK stand out from the compact-SUV masses. Plus state-of-the-art systems such as the leading-edge PRE-SAFE safety concept and the Intelligent Light System (ILS) are available in this market segment for the very first time.

With its poised, confident presence, the mere look of the Mercedes-Benz GLK-Class leaves one in no doubt about its intent to conquer the compact premium SUV segment. It is arguably the most sophisticated of all takes on this particular theme. And it displays echoes of the G-Class, the founding father of the Mercedes-Benz SUV family. Design chief Prof. Peter Pfeiffer takes up the story: "With the G-Class we created a style icon that has been a benchmark in SUV design for the past 30 years. Combining this bold concept with the latest Mercedes-Benz design idiom makes the GLK a vehicle of genuine character."

No other model in the compact-SUV segment, past or present, comes close to matching the GLK's distinctively expressive appearance. The body is beautifully proportioned (length 4528 mm, width 1840 mm, height 1689 mm), while there is a special allure in the interplay between the classic angular shape and the typical design features found in all contemporary Mercedes-Benz passenger cars. Here the unmistakable design idiom, consisting of taut lines and large, expansive surfaces, is combined with the typical body features of a practical off-road vehicle, such as short overhangs, an upright front end, slim roof pillars, a steeply raked windscreen and taut roof lines. Rather than being a stylistic end in itself, however, the body design allows the typical advantages of an off-road vehicle to be introduced to the more road-oriented compact-SUV category for the first time. Large angles of approach and departure plus good ground clearance make off-road ventures a sheer joy. The outstandingly clear layout of the body and good allround visibility, combined with the raised seating position, enhance everyday practicality and ensure relaxed driving, even in dense city traffic.

Superlative ride comfort, outstanding handling dynamics and excellent offroad performance

The AGILITY CONTROL suspension on which the Mercedes-Benz GLK-Class is founded displays a high level of flexibility and resolves a conflict of aims that particularly affects the SUV class, where chassis engineers want to create a vehicle that is both sportily agile and comfortably smooth yet one which can also cope with off-road terrain. If the focus is on sporty, active handling, the suspension and, above all, the shock absorbers need to display a certain firmness, which precludes access to the brand's typical suspension comfort and limits the off-road options. If the vehicle is set up with softer dampers to ensure suspension comfort and off-road capability, dynamic handling naturally suffers. The solution is "amplitude-dependent damping". In this system, the damping forces of the shock absorbers are configured to respond flexibly rather than lineally. In normal driving mode on moderately contoured roads or during slow off-road manoeuvres, the system responds softly, enhancing both the occupants' comfort and the vehicle's off-road capability. To ensure that this level of comfort is maintained when driving hard or performing abrupt evasive manoeuvres, in these situations the dampers deliver a harder performance, ensuring optimum handling stability. At the same time, the driver of the GLK is supported by speed-sensitive power steering, specified as standard for the V6 models, which provides the optimum level of steering assistance for the situation in hand. Parking and off-road manoeuvring are made much easier because maximum power assistance is available. At higher speeds, the assistance is reduced in favour of greater handling stability.

All the base models in the GLK series are fitted with 17-inch, size 235/60 R 17 light-alloy wheels. In conjunction with the exterior sports package, which is included as standard when the car first comes onto the market, or the off-road styling package, all models are shod with mixed-size tyres which, together with the AGILITY CONTROL suspension and the asymmetric power distribution between the front and rear axle, form the basis for a even better transfer of power between the wheels and the road. And the more effective this power transfer, the less frequently the electronic control systems need to intervene. The road-oriented exterior sports package features size 7.5 J x 19 light-alloy wheels with 235/50 R 19 tyres at the front and size 8.5 J x 19 wheels with 255/45 R 19 tyres at the rear. If the GLK is ordered with the off-road styling package, the front axle has size 7.5 J x 17 light-alloy wheels with 235/60 R 17 tyres, while the rear axle features size 8.0 J x 17 wheels with 255/55 R 17 tyres. All models are equipped with a TIREFIT system for repairing tyre damage. A compact spare wheel, which can be used on the front or rear axle, is available as an optional extra.

4MATIC: high-performance all-wheel-drive system with sophisticated control systems

The 4MATIC powertrain at the heart of the Mercedes-Benz GLK-Class is one of the most capable all-wheel-drive systems on the market. The driving dynamics systems ESP®, ASR and 4ETS are superbly harmonised with each other; when they go into action their quality of control is so good that top-notch longitudinal and lateral dynamism coupled with superb handling stability are ensured under all conditions, both on and off-road. Thanks to the compact, lightweight and frictionoptimised concept, with a longitudinally installed engine and block-design main transmission and transfer case, the system offers various advantages over its counterparts equipped with a transversely installed drive unit. Fuel consumption, for example, is about on a par with that of a comparable conventionally powered vehicle, while the minimal vibration and noise levels rival those of today's luxuryclass models.

The 45:55 percent basic distribution of the drive torque between the front and rear axle - along with the ESP®, ASR and 4ETS dynamic handling control systems - ensures effortless and predictable performance in all conditions. Optimum traction, maximum driving stability and superlative handling are assured at all times. When tuning the control systems, the engineers at the Mercedes-Benz Technology Center (MTC) made neutral self-steering behaviour a top priority. Only when the physical limits of driving are neared is there a slight oversteer tendency. All GLK models display these characteristics, even if road conditions vary widely. Whether it be dry or wet. On snow, ice or unsurfaced roads. If drivers never know whether to expect understeer or oversteer, they become unsure. This problem - a frequent occurrence in the SUV category - is solved once and for all by the Mercedes-Benz GLK-Class. The newly developed multi-disc clutch in the centre differential supports the system if the friction between the tyres and the road surface is particularly low, for example on snow or ice. A basic partial locking torque of 50 newton metres between the front and rear axle produces a significant increase in traction whilst the high level of directional stability is maintained.

The "G" button on the centre console makes the GLK with off-road engineering package even more assertive on rough terrain. Pressing the button activates a special driving program which varies the shift points of the 7G-TRONIC transmission, "softens" the accelerator pedal characteristics and activates the ESP® off-road function. In this mode the system is designed to operate with a higher degree of wheel slip while retaining directional stability. This control strategy improves traction off-road, particularly on low-friction surfaces such as sand, gravel or stone chippings. There is also a manual transmission mode, in which the shift paddles on the steering wheel can be used to change between the gears. A further switch activates the Downhill Speed Regulation (DSR) system, which automatically maintains a pre-programmed speed on steep downhill inclines. The off-road-specific body dimensions are equally impressive. The large ground clearance of 201 millimetres (GLK 280 4MATIC) and the short body overhangs (front 816 mm, rear 957 mm) make for favourable angles of approach and departure - 23 degrees and a maximum of 25 degrees, respectively. Meanwhile the relatively short wheelbase length of 2755 millimetres and the vehicle weight of 1830 kilograms, which is remarkably low for an SUV, allow the GLK to make good headway on even the most topographically demanding of terrain.

As well as a tyre pressure loss warning system, the tried-and-tested Electronic Stability Program (ESP®) for the GLK incorporates a vehicle/trailer stabilisation function, which defuses critical driving situations involving a trailer before they become dangerous by applying the individual wheel brakes as and when required. The towing capacity is 2000 kilograms.

Effortlessly superior: new four-cylinder diesel engine and proven V6 powerplants

State-of-the-art powerplants ensure an exceptionally high level of ride comfort and impressive performance right across the GLK range. Plus fuel-consumption figures are low, as is the emission count. Customers have a choice of four model variants: diesel aficionados can opt for the GLK 220 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY or GLK 320 CDI, while those with a preference for petrol can select the GLK 280 or GLK 350, both of which feature a V6 powerplant.

In the GLK 220 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY, the all-new diesel engine generation posts an excellent set of figures. Like the V6 unit in the GLK 320 CDI, the four-cylinder engine with a displacement of 2.2 litres and an output of 125 kW/170 hp reflects the dynamism of the GLK concept as a whole and produces impressive performance coupled with lower fuel consumption and reduced emissions. Torque is equally impressive, with some 400 newton metres available across a broad engine speed range of 1400 to 2800 rpm. Technical highlights of the exceptionally compact and smooth-running CDI powerplant with rear camshaft drive include fourth-generation common-rail direct injection with an injection pressure of 2000 bar and a two-stage turbocharger system. The state-of-the-art powerplant propels the GLK from 0 to 100 km/h in just 8.8 seconds and on to a top speed of 205 km/h. The compression-ignition engine with extremely low untreated emissions delivers exceptional environmental performance and, like all diesel engines for Mercedes passenger cars, features exhaust gas recirculation, an oxidising catalytic converter and a maintenance-free diesel particulate filter as standard. In addition, the engine developers have succeeded in reducing untreated emissions by a decisive margin. The smooth-running four-cylinder unit consumes a mere 6.9 litres of diesel per hundred kilometres, emits just 183 grams of CO2 per kilometre and already meets the requirements of the EU5 emission standard. The diesel line-up is augmented by the proven V6 powerplant in the GLK 320 CDI, which develops 165 kW/224 hp and achieves a peak torque of 540 newton metres, enabling the GLK to perform even more admirably: here the top speed is 220 km/h whilst acceleration from 0 to 100 km/h takes just 7.5 seconds. The V6 engine also features exhaust gas recirculation, an oxidising catalytic converter and a maintenance-free diesel particulate filter. Diesel consumption is a mere 7.9 litres per hundred kilometres. Plus the engine complies with the Euro 4 standard.

The two smooth-running V6 petrol models - the GLK 280 and the GLK 350 - develop 170 kW/231 hp and 200 KW/272 hp respectively, all of which makes for rapid performance. Yet fuel consumption is only moderate. The 3.5-litre V6 in the GLK 350 4MATIC stands out in particular, achieving figures similar to those of a sports car. It has a top speed of 230 km/h and races from 0 to 100 km/h in 6.7 seconds. Both engines also comply with the Euro 5 standard, consuming 10.2 litres and 10.4 litres per hundred kilometres respectively.

All of the engine variants for the GLK are matched with the 7G-TRONIC 7-speed automatic transmission as standard. But the exceptional performance and low fuel consumption are not just down to the perfect combination of the highly sophisticated engines with the 7G-TRONIC and the friction-optimised powertrain. Further key factors include the relatively low overall weight (GLK 280: 1830 kg) and the exceptional aerodynamics for a vehicle of this design (cd figure 0.35).

Complete safety package for maximum occupant protection

In combination with the front and rear deformation zones, the GLK's highstrength passenger cell provides a highly efficient foundation for the occupant protection systems. These include:

• Adaptive, two-stage airbags for the driver and front passenger
• Kneebag for the driver
• Front sidebags and, as an option, sidebags for the rear seats
• Windowbags across both seat rows from the A-pillar to the C-pillar
• NECK-PRO crash-responsive head restraints for the driver and front passenger
• Crash-optimised pedal system
• 3-point seat belts for all five seats
• Belt tensioner and adaptive belt-force limiter for the driver and front passenger, belt tensioner and single-stage belt-force limiter for the outer rear seats
• ISOFIX child seat attachments
• Belt height adjuster for the driver and front passenger
• Belt status indicator for the rear passengers in the instrument cluster

The optionally available PRE-SAFE anticipatory occupant protection system, made available in the compact-SUV market segment for the very first time, sees Mercedes-Benz taking safety to a new, high level in this segment. The highlight of the concept is the networking between the active and passive safety systems. PRE-SAFE uses the sensors of the dynamic handling control systems - for example, Brake Assist (BAS) and ESP - and optimises the protective functions of the passive safety components in potential accident situations. The standard-fit adaptive brake lights, which flash to warn the traffic behind when the brakes are applied abruptly, help to prevent accidents.

Rolls-Royce RR4 (2010)

Rolls-Royce RR4

Rolls-Royce Motor Cars revealed the first design sketches of its next new model. Known as RR4, the car is due to be launched in 2010 and will sit alongside the Phantom model line-up. RR4 will be smaller than Phantom and powered by a new engine, unique to Rolls-Royce.

The design was signed off in 2007 and engineering development is now fully underway. The Goodwood manufacturing facilities are being completely reconfigured to accommodate the RR4, with extended paint, wood and leather shops as well as a second assembly line. The company will move to a two shift system next year as it gears up for full production of the new model.

Chief designer, Ian Cameron, said, "Effortless performance and standard-setting levels of comfort and efficiency, executed with the utmost care and attention, remain fundamentals of Rolls-Royce design. The RR4 has a more informal presence than the Phantom models with a greater emphasis on driving. In design terms this is expressed through its slightly smaller dimensions and more organic form, yet with powerful, purposeful proportions. It is a true and uncompromising Rolls-Royce in every sense."

"RR4 will mark a milestone in the history of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars", Chairman, Ian Robertson added. "The business continues to go from strength to strength and the introduction of this new model will expand the appeal of the brand. We look forward to this next chapter with anticipation and confidence."

Further design and engineering details will be announced during the course of 2009.

Mazda 6 US-spec (2009)

Mazda 6 US-spec

Specifically developed for North America, the all-new Mazda 6 inherits and evolves the sporty styling and superb driving performance of the first generation Mazda 6. The North American model features a larger body and greater engine displacement to meet the particular demands of the North American market. Handling and comfort were also optimized for North American road conditions.

"Following the CX-7 and the CX-9, the 2009 North American Mazda 6 is the third model that was designed and engineered specifically to meet the needs of our North American customers," said Daniel T. Morris, Mazda's senior managing executive officer in charge of marketing and overseas sales. "The midsize sedan segment is extremely competitive and the Mazda 6 will be up against some of the best vehicles in the industry.

"The all-new Mazda 6 offers plenty of Mazda's characteristic Zoom-Zoom vitality and we believe it will succeed in the challenging North American market. We will continue to deliver products that reflect our customers' needs and build Mazda's brand image in order to achieve the goals set out in our mid-term Mazda Advancement Plan."

The all-new North American Mazda 6 will be powered by Mazda's newly developed 2.5-liter inline four-cylinder (I4) engine and its 3.7-liter V6 engine. The I4 engine is already available in the European and Japanese Mazda 6 models and the V6 promises an exhilarating ride, coming straight from the 2008 North American Truck of the Year, the Mazda CX-9. A six-speed manual and a five-speed automatic transmission with manual-shift mode will be available for the I4 engine. The V6 will be coupled to a six-speed automatic transmission with manual-shift mode. The North American Mazda 6 will be available only as a four-door sedan.

The all-new North American Mazda 6 will be produced at AutoAlliance International in Flat Rock, Michigan, a joint venture with partner Ford Motor Company, as it has been since the first Mazda 6 launched in 2002.

BMW M3 Convertible UK Version (2009)

BMW M3 Convertible UK Version

The new BMW M3 Convertible, the third derivative and concluding chapter in the current M3 line-up, adds a new dimension to the BMW M ownership experience.

Not only is the new open-topped M3 the first M car to feature a Retractable Hard-Top, it's the first M3 Convertible to be powered by a V8 engine and the first BMW to feature an all-new seven-speed M Double Clutch Transmission (M DCT) as an alternative to the standard six-speed manual gearbox.

Although it possesses the same 4.0-litre, 420hp V8 engine as its M3 Coupé and M3 Saloon siblings, the fourth-generation M3 Convertible is very much a model in its own right. It has been designed from the ground up to be a four-seat convertible with supercar performance that showcases market-leading technology.

The new M3 Convertible produces more than twice the power of the original 1988 model, yet the spirit and design philosophy remains the same. With outputs of 420hp and 400 Nm, and following the precedent set by its forebears, the M3 Convertible engine comfortably breaks the all-important 100hp per litre barrier. What's more, the new model has a power to weight ratio that is over 10 per cent higher than the outgoing E46 M3 Convertible - itself the previous benchmark open-top sports convertible.

EfficientDynamics at the performance end of the market

The new M3 Convertible is both more fuel efficient and produces less C02 than its predecessor, despite this breathtaking performance. The introduction of BMW's EfficientDynamics programme - which features Brake Energy Regeneration, Optimum Shift Indicator and lightweight materials - ensures that both running costs and emissions are kept to a minimum. The M3 Convertible returns 21.9 mpg on the combined cycle - a five per cent improvement over the previous generation model.

Transmission champ

A new option for all M3 buyers is BMW's new seven-speed M DCT gearbox. Offering drivers the chance to enjoy seamless gearshifts with no interruption in power delivery, this state-of-the-art transmission is so efficient that it outperforms the manual gearbox car in terms of acceleration, fuel economy and emissions.

Lifting the lid

The new BMW M3 Convertible is the first M car to feature a Retractable Hard-Top as standard. The electro-hydraulic roof is fully automatic and can be lowered in 22 seconds. The M3 Convertible is fitted with SunReflective leather, allowing owners to leave the top down for extended periods without the risk of the seat leather overheating. With SunReflective leather, which was initially developed by BMW Motorrad to keep motorbike riders cool in hot climes, the surface temperature remains up to 20 degrees Celsius lower than conventional leather.

Chassis

Underneath the M3 Convertible's muscular torso lies a chassis and suspension system tailor-made for the demanding requirements of an open-top car. Torsional rigidity has been significantly improved over the previous model, while the suspension has been fine-tuned to take into account the specific weight distribution of a convertible.

Safety

The combination of a strong structure and advanced occupant restraint systems means the BMW M3 Convertible offers the highest possible standards of passive and active safety for occupants. Like the standard 3-Series Convertible, the M3 version is equipped with a rollover sensor system that constantly monitors the vertical and horizontal movement of the car. If the sensors (which are located in the centre of the car, on the B pillars and in the doors) detect that a rollover is imminent, roll bars located behind the rear headrests pop up. At the same time, the front seatbelt pre-tensioners are activated and the head/thorax airbags are deployed.

Market

The M3 Convertible goes on sale in the UK on 26 April 2008, priced at £54,760 OTR. BMW expects to sell approximately 900 M3 Convertibles in a full year. This compares to 1,900 M3 Coupés and 400 M3 Saloons.

Specifications (manual / M DCT gearbox)

• Power: 420 hp
• Torque: 400 Nm
• 0 to 62mph: 5.3 s / 5.1 s
• Fuel Economy (combined): 21.9 mpg / 23.0 mpg
• Emissions: 309 g/km / 293 g/km
• Price OTR: £54,760 / £57,350

Brabus Mercedes-Benz SL-Class (2009)

Brabus Mercedes-Benz SL-Class

Rejuvenated by a substantial model update the fifth generation of the Mercedes SL now starts yet another chapter in the unparalleled success story of the popular Mercedes roadster. The corresponding exclusive sport program comes from BRABUS. Powerful increased-displacement engines with up to 730 hp (720 hp SAE net) / 537 kW of power, a striking designer suit, high-quality light-alloy wheels with diameters of up to 20 inches, professional suspension tuning and custom interior design: The BRABUS program leaves nothing to be desired.

The top-of-the-heap BRABUS power source for the SL 600 is the BRABUS SV12 S Biturbo engine, developed originally for the BRABUS ROCKET, the world’s fastest sedan. 730 hp (720 hp SAE net) / 537 kW of power and a whopping peak torque of 1,320 Nm (973 lb-ft), electronically limited in the car to 1,100 Nm (811 lb-ft), are the result of numerous modifications. During the displacement increase from 5.5 to 6.3 liters the engine’s interior is completely reworked. In addition the engine is fitted with a more efficient turbocharging system and a stainless-steel high-performance exhaust system with metal catalysts. Power is transferred via a reinforced five-speed automatic transmission and a special BRABUS limited-slip differential that is available for all SL models.

A sprint time of 4.0 seconds from rest to 100 km/h (62 mph), 10.5 seconds to 200 km/h (124 mph) and – depending on final drive ratio and tire speed rating – an electronically limited top speed of 350 km/h (219 mph) make the BRABUS SV12 S Biturbo roadster one of the world’s fastest sports cars.

BRABUS tuning is also available for the SL 65: The BRABUS T 12 S performance kit increases power output by 40 hp (DIN and SAE net) / 29.4 kW. The BRABUS T 65 S power kit bumps power output to 715 hp (705 hp SAE net) / 526 kW and peak torque to 1,100 Nm (811 lb-ft).

The SL 63 AMG also receives some added power with BRABUS B63 S tuning. Sport air filter, high-performance metal catalysts and newly programmed engine electronics add 40 hp (DIN and SAE net) 29.5 kW to the power output of the fast-revving V8 engine, and increase top speed to 320 km/h (200 mph).

The four-valve-V8 engine of the SL 500 (US: SL550) with BRABUS 6.1 S displacement increase produces 462 hp (456 hp SAE net) / 340 kW of power at 6,200 rpm and a peak torque of 615 Nm (453 lb-ft) at 3,100 rpm. The BRABUS 4.0 displacement engine with 332 hp (327 hp SAE net) / 244 kW of power and 420 Nm (310 lb-ft) of torque is available for the V6 four-valve engines of the SL 280 and SL 350.

The stainless-steel BRABUS sport exhaust system with four chrome-plated tailpipes is a must for all BRABUS high-performance engines. But it is also the answer for all SL owners wishing for a sportier exhaust note and for a more striking rear appearance of their two-seater.

To add sporty emphasis to the elegant lines of the new Mercedes SL series, the BRABUS designers went into the wind tunnel to develop a strikingly styled aerodynamic-enhancement kit.

The front of the SL receives some added pizzazz with the BRABUS front apron that replaces the production bumper. It features LED daytime running lights as well as auxiliary high beams and fog lamps, and reduces lift on the front axle at high speeds.

The elegantly shaped BRABUS rocker panels each have three entrance lights integrated into their underside. The lights are activated with the keyless fob or by pulling on an inside door handle. The LED lights illuminate the ground on either side of the vehicle and help avoid unfortunate missteps into puddles or holes in the dark.

The BRABUS design package for the latest SL-class is rounded out by a rear component that integrates environmental lighting, a centrally mounted rear reflector and two cutouts for the sport exhaust system.

Just as important for a customized look are one-piece and multi-piece BRABUS Monoblock light-alloy wheels, which can be mounted on the new roadster in four different designs and with diameters of 17, 18, 19 and 20 inches. The largest possible tire/wheel combination on the new SL features BRABUS Monoblock VI, E or S wheels in size 9Jx20 in front with size 255/30 ZR 20 tires. The rear axle rolls on size 10.5Jx20 wheels with size 305/25 ZR 20 tires. BRABUS recommends high-performance tires from Pirelli and YOKOHAMA.

To further improve the already potent handling capabilities of the new Mercedes SL, BRABUS has developed special suspension solutions. For the SL 280 and 350 models with conventional suspension BRABUS offers its sport springs. For all SL models with ABC active suspension BRABUS has developed an electronic module that lowers the ride height by some 25 millimeters. Sport sway bars reduce body roll.

BRABUS high-performance brake systems for the SL-Class are available in four different versions. The largest one features vented and cross-drilled front discs measuring 375 x 36 mm (14.8 x 1.4 inches), and 12-piston fixed calipers. The rear discs measure 355 x 28 mm (14.0 x 1.1 inches) and come with six-piston fixed calipers.

BRABUS also customizes the interior of the two-seater by upping the level of luxury. The list of products includes scuff plates with illuminated BRABUS-logo, an ergonomically shaped sport steering wheel with shift paddles, and an exclusive BRABUS custom interior crafted from an exquisite combination of especially soft yet durable BRABUS Mastik leather and Alcantara.

Renault Laguna Coupe (2009)

Renault Laguna Coupe

Renault has chosen the glamorous weekend which sees the Cannes Film Festival coincide with the Monaco Formula 1 Grand Prix to take the wraps off Renault Laguna Coupe. The flowing lines of the newcomer's elegant, uncluttered design express timeless beauty and the promise of sheer motoring enjoyment. Its performance provides unprecedented pleasure behind the wheel thanks to the combination of its Active Drive chassis equipped with four-wheel steering - which has been acclaimed by the media across Europe on the GT version of Renault Laguna - and the two new V6 powerplants which have been introduced at the same time as this image-forging vehicle. The brand new V6 dCi, which is poised to become a benchmark in terms of performance and pleasure, delivers 235hp (173kW), while the new 3.5-litre petrolpowered V6 offers 240hp (175kW). Renault Laguna Coupe stands out as an inspiring, fourseater with genuine sensual appeal and will be shown in further detail at the forthcoming 2008 Paris Motor Show in October.

Saturday May 24 saw Renault President Carlos Ghosn arrive at the foot of the illustrious steps of the 61st Festival International du Film de Cannes at the wheel of Renault Laguna Coupe. The occasion marked the first public showing of the new model's definitive, distinctive lines and was a fitting way for the carmaker to celebrate the 25th anniversary of its exclusive partnership with the famous film festival. Renault Laguna Coupe also profited from the weekend to make a guest appearance around the track of the 66th Monaco Grand Prix to showcase its sporting credentials. Two Laguna Coupes completed several laps of Monaco's legendary circuit in the hands of ING Renault F1 Team test drivers Lucas di Grassi and Romain Grosjean, providing the many thousands of spectators with a unique and unexpected show

Renault Laguna Coupe bears a close resemblance to the racy concept car revealed at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2007, while its elegant styling and proportions boast all the hallmarks associated with truly exceptional coupes. Its distinctive front end suggests the presence under the bonnet of the finest Renault-Nissan Alliance engines which have been designed and developed to ensure supreme driving enjoyment. Indeed, Renault Laguna Coupe is capable of accelerating from standstill to 100kph in less than seven seconds, and this upper-range performance combines with the Active Drive chassis and four-wheel steering to deliver optimum pleasure at the wheel.

Head-turning, racy styling

The flowing lines of Renault Laguna Coupe's elegant, uncluttered design express a blend of timeless beauty and the promise of sheer motoring enjoyment. There is no mistaking the legacy it has inherited from the show car unveiled at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2007 and from the Renault Laguna range at the top of which it is destined to preside. With a length of 4.64 metres and a width of 1.83 metres, its proportions are nicely balanced, while the character line which stems from the grille rises forcefully along its flanks, like a wave of air, gracefully underpinning the design of its front wings before extending rearwards to highlight its muscular haunches. The glazed area of its windows is shown off to its best advantage by a pure, flowing arc. Sitting on its 17- or 18-inch aluminium alloy wheels, Renault Laguna Coupe's stance exudes a sense of dynamism and power thanks to a wheelbase dimension of 2.69m and a height of 1.40m. This sensation is echoed by the pronounced crease-lines of its long bonnet and by its new variant headlamps. The rear, meanwhile, features a very short overhang and broad, slim lights which give Renault Laguna Coupe a bright, distinctive lighting signature which suggests refinement and power, especially at night when the indicators form a halo that picks out the contours of the thin red LEDs.

Four-wheel steering for an exceptional ride

Developed jointly by Renault Engineering and specialists from Renault Sport Technologies, Laguna Coupe's technologically-advanced chassis guarantees the ultimate in dynamic performance. Its outstanding agility and stability set new standards when it comes to safety and surefooted handling, while the new car corners with unrivalled directional precision as if it were on rails. Following its introduction on the GT version of Renault Laguna, this chassis has naturally been carried over to Renault Laguna Coupe and is particularly suited to being powered by the new car's V6 engines. At low speeds, the Active Drive chassis and four-wheel steering system enhance manoeuvrability and it takes drivers no time at all to familiarize themselves with their characteristics. In town, as well as on twisty roads, the car is easy to drive and offers outstanding handling precision. It makes choosing the optimal cornering line intuitive and further enhances the pleasure experienced behind Renault Laguna Coupe's wheel, a feeling reinforced by the absence of transient dynamic phenomena through turns and by its directional precision at small low steering wheel angles. On the active safety front, the Active Drive chassis equipped with four-wheel steering excels not only under braking in difficult conditions (asymmetric grip, deployment of ESP), but also when taking avoidance action (the so-called 'elk test'). Meanwhile, the high level of travelling comfort ensures peace of mind for all occupants who can sense Laguna Coupe's unrivalled active safety.

Powertrains with pedigree

Under the bonnet of Renault Laguna Coupe, the brand-new V6 dCi, which is destined to become a benchmark in terms of performance and driving pleasure, develops 235hp (173kW) and peak torque of 450Nm. The same figure for the petrol 3.5 V6 powerplant, which is mated for the first time with the AJ0 automatic six-speed transmission it shares with the diesel engine, is 330Nm, while maximum power is 240hp (175kW). In this configuration, Renault Laguna Coupe can accelerate to 100kph in less than seven seconds. Renault Laguna Coupe also naturally benefits from the best engines available for Laguna, in particular the top performing versions of the range's two-litre petrol and diesel powerplants.

Renault Laguna Coupe will be shown in greater detail at the forthcoming Paris Motor Show and will be available for international media road tests immediately after that. As the spearhead of the Laguna range, it has been designed to offer sheer driving pleasure and plays a key role in the Renault's brand's expansion in the upper-range market. Renault Laguna Coupe epitomizes this savoir-faire when it comes to motoring enjoyment and quality which is built into its genes and which can be seen in the finish which matches even the most demanding standards. Renault Laguna Coupe will be introduced progressively across the Renault sales network from mid-October featuring a long list of luxury equipment.

Audi S3 Sportback (2009)

Audi S3 Sportback

Momentum is also available at the dynamic pinnacle of the A3 family: The S3 is joined by the Audi S3 Sportback. It has the same immensely powerful engine under its hood: The 2.0 TFSI has an output of 195 kW (265 hp); its maximum torque of 350 Nm (258.15 lb-ft) is constantly available from 2,500 to 5,000 rpm. The turbocharged direct injection engine catapults the Audi S3 Sportback into the exclusive class of compact, fast sports cars.

In comparison with the A3, the two-liter engine in the S3 has been intensively further developed. The turbo, with its upsized turbine and compressor turbine wheel, builds up a relative charge pressure of up to 1.2 bar. A reengineered charge air cooler significantly lowers the temperature of the compressed air and thereby increases the air mass required for combustion.

Pistons with reinforced pins operate within this, the most powerful TFSI engine; reinforced, newly mounted connecting rods transmit the forces onto the crankshaft. The cylinder block has been stiffened, with its head being cast from a new, high-temperature alloy. The exhaust camshaft timing has been adapted to the increased output, whilst the high-pressure injectors have been provided with increased cross-sections. With all of its concentrated technology, the highperformance, turbocharged engine weighs just 152 kg (335.10 lb), less than comparable engines from direct competitors.

5.8 seconds from 0 to 100 km/h: Concentrated dynamics

The Audi S3 Sportback implements its dynamic potential in full. The sprint to 100 km/h (62.14 mph) takes just 5.8 seconds, with propulsion only being ended at 250 km/h (155.34 mph) by the electronic limiter. However, the high-tech four-cylinder consumes an average of only 8.5 liters of fuel per 100 km (27.67 mpg) - further proof of Audi's successful efficiency strategy.

Like the S3, the Audi S3 Sportback is also a consistent driving machine. The six-speed manual transmission, which is also characterized by its high efficiency, is closely spaced with reduced shift travel.

It conducts the high-performance engine's output to its quattro powertrain, which is fitted as standard in all of Audi's S models. An electronically controlled, hydraulic multi-plate clutch, which is located in the rear end for better weight balance, distributes the torque as required, ensuring uncompromising grip and maximum driving safety. All of the powertrain's components have been reinforced.

The A3's already excellent chassis has been further refined in the Audi S3 Sportback. Aluminum swivel bearings and wishbones reduce the unsprung masses to attain even greater dynamics. Stiffer chassis bearings and the electromechanical steering's sportier characteristic curve increase precision.

Alloy wheels with a diameter of 18 inches and 225/40 tires lead to high adhesion onto the road surface. A 17-inch brake system with sports brake pads ensures reliable deceleration; the black calipers at the front bear S3 emblems. The Audi S3 Sportback responds to all requirements with the lightning-fast, intuitive reflexes of an athlete. It reacts spontaneously to steering movements and remains stable, precise and almost entirely neutral at the handling limits.

Even sharper: The S3's appearance

The new Audi S3 Sportback and the three-door S3 also appear even sharper. These two dynamic high-flyers can be recognized at first glance thanks to a range of sharp lines - on the roof spoiler and the side sills, for example.

The radiator grille is fitted with chrome-plated, vertical double bars, the bumper with a powerful spoiler lip. Chrome rings border the fog lamps. A platinum gray diffuser and two large, oval exhaust tailpipes sharpen up the rear end. Eleven paint finishes are available, including the S-specific colors Solar Orange, Imola Yellow and Sprint Blue, pearl effect.

In the interior, sports seats with cloth and leather covers welcome the driver and the passenger. In the Audi exclusive range from quattro GmbH, racing fans will find bucket seats (folding in the 3-door S3) and a leather-covered sports steering wheel with flattened rim at the bottom. Inlays in piano finish black, a black or silver roof lining plus aluminum pedals and door sill strips lend further highlights to the impression of noble sportiness. Seven color and cloth variants and three inlay variants are available. A deluxe automatic air conditioning system, an antitheft alarm system and xenon plus headlamps round off the lavish standard equipment. The Audi S3 Sportback is priced at €37,850.

Audi A3 (2009)

Audi A3

The Audi A3 and A3 Sportback, the premium compact models from Audi, are raising their sporty profile with a raft of improvements and an accentuated design. Innovative technologies such as the S tronic dual-clutch transmission with seven speeds and Audi magnetic ride, the suspension control system, makes for even greater driving pleasure. Its sharper, more striking design lends even greater expression to the A3 family. Additional equipment features, such as the Audi parking system at front and rear, the parking assistant and the reversible loadliner, also add to the appeal of these models. The Audi S3 developing 195 kW (265 hp) is now also available as a Sportback version, a new top model that rounds off the range. Shipping will commence in the summer, with prices starting at € 20,350.

The Audi A3 created the entirely new market segment of the premium compact car when the first-generation model made its debut in 1996. The brand with the four rings has been notably successful in that market segment and has since built 1.9 million units of the Audi A3. After four successive record-breaking years, the one millionth specimen of the second-generation A3 - which went into production in 2003 - left the assembly line just a few days ago. Audi is now solidifying its lead.

The exterior: even sportier profile

New visual details for the three-door A3 and A3 Sportback bring its stretched, sporty profile into the foreground. The front lid and fenders are more expressively styled, and the bumper and large single-frame radiator grille have been modified. A curved trim element in the headlamps known as the "wing" accentuates their technical perfection. Daytime running lights are standard features, and the optional bi-xenon headlamps incorporate LEDs. Down the sides, the highlight features are exterior mirrors with integral turn indicators, new door handles and attractive wheels.

At the tail end, the modified bumper and the lights help this car make a grand exit; the A3 Sportback now has innovative fiber optic rods arranged in a flat, continuous strip that creates an impressive optical effect in the dark. The three-door A3 has a modified tailgate with a new light edge. As a result of the design modifications, the A3 has grown by 2.5 centimeters (0.98 in) in length to 4.24 meters (166.93 in), while the sporty proportions of the Sportback remain virtually unchanged at 4.29 meters (168.90 in) in length.

The interior: sporty elegance

Inside the car, too, the designers fine-tuned the atmosphere of sporty elegance. Aluminum-look elements on the air vents, light switches and center console accentuate the premium character of the Audi A3 and A3 Sportback. The switches and controls beneath the audio system have been given a new, modern look. The instruments have black dials and red needles to reinforce the impression of precision and advanced technology, and a shift indicator displays the recommended gear in any given circumstances in the driver information system. The driver information system's display and the time, date and distance display - standard with the Ambiente and Ambition equipment lines - shows the information in high-resolution white type. The leather sport steering wheel for the Ambition line has new aluminum trim clips, and Audi can supply a flat-bottomed leather sport steering wheel for the Ambition as an option.

New inlays for the Attraction and Ambition, new colors and a wide selection of upholstery fabrics enhance the interior through their sportiness, impressive material quality and meticulous crafting. The upholstery range even includes Fine Nappa leather for the sport seats.

The A3's trunk is the roomiest in its class, at 350 to 1,080 liters (12.36 to 38.12 cubic ft.), with an even larger 370 to 1,100 liters (13.06 to 38.83 cubic ft.) on the A3 Sportback. On quattro versions the trunk floor is a few centimeters higher, to accommodate the special rear axle. A particularly ingenious feature is available for the front-wheel-drive versions - a sturdy, reversible loadliner that is a practical, easy-to-clean tray e.g. for carrying wet items, which can be removed from the car as a carrying tray. Audi can also supply the options of roof rails and a panoramic sunroof for the versatile A3 Sportback.

Powerful drive: the engines

As before, Audi is bringing the A3 and A3 Sportback onto the market with eight different engines - five gasoline and three diesel versions. Six of them are pioneering four-cylinder direct injection units with turbocharging. Their abbreviations TFSI and TDI encapsulate the strengths of Audi's engine technology - performance, high torque, dynamism, refinement and efficiency.

The 1.6 unit develops 75 kW (102 hp), the 1.4 TFSI 92 kW (125 hp), the 1.8 TFSI 118 kW (160 hp) and the 2.0 TFSI 147 kW (200 hp), while the 3.2 quattro with its six cylinders musters 184 kW (250 hp). The 1.9 TDI delivers 77 kW (105 hp) and the 2.0 TDI 103 kW (140 hp) or 125 kW (170 hp), depending on specification. Both two-liter diesel engines have been extensively reengineered - a new common rail injection system now assures ultra-refined running.

The 1.6-liter gasoline engine can also be supplied in conjunction with manual transmission for low-cost running on ethanol E 85 fuel. The diesel with an output of 77 kW (105 hp) is the power unit of the extremely efficient 1.9 TDI e version which, thanks to special fine-tuning measures, clocks up 100 kilometers on a mere 4.5 liters of diesel (52.27 mpg). Most of the other engines likewise slash fuel consumption by as much as 15 percent. The 1.8 TFSI and the technically closely related 2.0 TFSI have been frictionally optimized and have new cylinder bores, pistons and oil pumps.

High tech from Audi: the new transmissions

The range of transmissions has been extended and become even more appealing. Almost all engine versions are supplied as standard with six-speed manual transmission. The 1.6 and 1.9 TDI are outfitted with five-speed manual transmission, and the 3.2 is available exclusively with the S tronic dual-clutch transmission, now also available optionally for all engine versions. The high-tech S tronic changes gears with extreme speed and smoothness. The driver can set it to operate in a fully automatic mode or change gears manually - either at the selector lever or with the standard shift paddles on the leather sport steering wheel (from 103 kW/140 hp).

The S tronic on the six-cylinder engine, the 2.0 TFSI and the diesel versions has six speeds, whereas the 1.6, the 1.4 TFSI and the 1.8 TFSI feature a newly developed seven-speed S tronic. Both its clutches are dry-running - an innovative approach. This means that they do not need a separate oil supply, further adding to their already impressive efficiency. The seven gears are closely spaced for a sporty response, though the top gear is sufficiently high-geared to reduce the engine speed, cutting fuel consumption as a result.

The quattro versions, which put the A3 in a different league to the other players in the premium compact class, likewise have even more to offer. The all-wheel-drive system is available for five engine versions - for the 1.8 TFSI, the 2.0 TFSI, the 3.2 (as standard) and the two 2.0 TDI versions. In its latest technical form the central hydraulic multi-plate clutch responds even faster when the engine's power needs to be redistributed between the front and rear wheels. This increases stability, traction and driving pleasure for the driver.

The standard-fit dynamic suspension, too, provides safety, dynamic handling and comfort all rolled into one. The captivating precision with which the Audi A3 and A3 Sportback handle and their well-balanced character owe a great deal to elaborate concepts such as the four-link rear suspension and the efficient electromechanical power steering. There is optional sport suspension that supports the body 15 millimeters (0.59 in) lower; it is standard on the Ambition, in conjunction with 17-inch alloys. The option of acoustic glass for the windshield (standard on Ambiente) enhances occupant comfort and improves the car's acoustic behavior.

Way ahead of the competition: Audi magnetic ride

There is another new feature that puts the Audi A3 and A3 Sportback streets ahead of their challengers: The adaptive-action shock absorber control system by the name of Audi magnetic ride. This system overcomes the age-old conflict between dynamic behavior and ride comfort. The driver can choose between "Normal" and "Sport" programs by flipping a switch. A magneto-rheological fluid circulating in the shock absorbers changes its flow properties within milliseconds when a voltage is applied; this affects the damping characteristic, which can be varied from comfortably supple to crisply firm. Audi can supply the electronic damping control system as an option for the gasoline versions from 118 kW (160 hp) upwards, as well as for both two-liter TDI versions.

The equipment range for the Audi A3 and A3 Sportback has also been greatly extended. As before, there are three lines to choose from. Attraction is the version with compelling character; the dynamic-looking Ambition for instance includes sport seats, sport suspension and 17-inch wheels, and the luxurious Ambiente equipment line features such items as cruise control, a light and rain sensor, an interior lighting package and the new addition of a windshield with acoustic glass.

For an even more customized specification there are the S line, comprising an exterior package and a sport package, the deluxe Audi exclusive line, and the choice items available within the Audi exclusive range. On all equipment lines and engine versions for the German market, the chorus radio system with four speakers is now standard. There are also modern infotainment systems available, including the Bose Sound System; the Audi exclusive range includes a connection socket for an iPod.

The array of other new options demonstrates the high technological standard of the A3 car line. These include deluxe automatic air conditioning, adaptive light - the dynamic cornering light system - and the Audi parking system for front and rear, displaying the distance from an obstruction via the frequency of the signal emitted. Then there is the new parking assistant. Its pioneering ultrasound sensors scan the parking spaces by the roadside as the car is driven slowly past; the driver is informed in the instrument cluster if one of them is sufficiently large to back into. If the reverse gear is engaged and the accelerator pressed, the system manipulates the electromechanical steering to guide the car automatically into the space. All the driver need do is attend to the accelerator, clutch and brakes.

The further optimized Audi A3, A3 Sportback and the two S3 versions are about to go on the market; shipping of the new models will begin in the summer. In conclusion, the comprehensively improved A3 comes with an extended range of standard equipment, including the chorus radio system - all at a starting price of € 20,350.

Audi A3 Sportback (2009)

Audi A3 Sportback

Audi is further expanding the sporty profile of the A3 and the Audi A3 Sportback. High-tech components, such as the seven-speed S tronic dual-clutch transmission and the shock absorber control system Audi magnetic ride, further enhance driving pleasure. The S3 Sportback, developing 195 kW (265 hp), rounds off the range as the new top model. With its expressively revised design, this premium compact vehicle appears even more elegant. Delivery is scheduled to start in the summer. Despite improved equipment, Audi will only be adjusting the prices marginally.

The Audi A3 is a successful model - and has been for over a decade. The first generation made its debut in 1996; it immediately opened up its own market segment, that of premium, compact vehicles for individual, demanding customers. In 2003, Audi launched the second generation of the three-door A3; one year later, this was followed by the five-door Sportback. Over the years, the model series has enjoyed outstanding success - 230,849 vehicles were manufactured in 2007 alone, the fourth record year in a row. At the end of 2008, the one millionth secondgeneration A3 came off the assembly line. Audi is now continuing to extend its position.

The A3 and Audi A3 Sportback bodies clearly reveal the many details of the streamlined, sporty profile. The engine hood and the fenders are more expressive, whilst the bumpers and the single-frame radiator grille have been finely upgraded. An elegant trim - the "wing" - underlines the high technical perfection of the new headlamps. Daytime running lights are standard; if optional bi-xenon headlamps are fitted, this is implemented by means of seven LEDs. On the flanks, exterior mirrors with integrated turn signal lamps, modified door handles and powerful wheels emphasize the main features. The wheels fitted in the sporty Ambition equipment line have a diameter of 17 inches and are manufactured from cast aluminum.

Modifications to the bumper and the lamps lend the rear end an even more striking look. In the Audi A3 Sportback, innovative light guide rods form a flat corona, which generates an unusual optical effect in the dark. In the three-door A3, the trunk lid has been provided with a new light edge. The design modifications have extended the A3 by 25 millimeters (0.98 inches) to a length of 4.24 meters (13.91 feet), whilst the Audi A3 Sportback (4.29 meters (14.07 feet)) has grown by six millimeters (0.24 inches) - its sporty proportions therefore remain virtually unchanged. Four new colors supplement the color charts.

The interior welcomes passengers with an atmosphere of sporty elegance and top quality. The air vents, the light switch and the center console have been refined with discreet chrome strips; the switches and controls beneath the audio system have been redesigned. The instruments display black dial faces and red pointers. A gear change display in the driver information system helps to achieve an efficient driving style. A driver information display with high-resolution, white lettering is fitted in the Ambiente and Ambition equipment lines. The spectrum of seat coverings rages up to Fine Nappa leather for the sports seats. New, standard trim variants in pearlescent, micrometallic and Vavona wood are available, whilst Aluminum Medial and burr walnut inlays are available as options.

With a volume of 350 to 1080 liters (12.36 to 38.14 cubic feet), the Audi A3 offers the largest luggage compartment in its class, with the Audi A3 Sportback offering 370 to 1100 liters (13.07 to 38.85 cubic feet). These values are a few liters lower in the models with quattro drive due to the special rear axle. A particularly practical feature is available in the front-wheel-drive versions - a reversible load floor, which can be used as a drip tray for damp objects. Roof railings and a panoramic sliding roof are also available for the versatile Audi A3 Sportback.

Eight powerful and efficient engines

As before, Audi will be equipping the A3 and the Audi A3 Sportback with eight engines. Six of these are four-cylinder direct injection engines with turbocharging. Their abbreviations, TFSI and TDI, symbolize the combined strengths of Audi engine technology - they stand for performance and tractive power, for dynamics, smooth running characteristics and efficiency.

The range of gasoline engines is broad-based. The 1.6 has an output of 75 kW (102 hp), the 1.4 TFSI 92 kW (125 hp), the 1.8 TFSI 118 kW (160 hp), and the 2.0 TFSI 147 kW (200 hp), whilst the 3.2 generates an output of 184 kW (250 hp) from its six cylinders. The three diesel engines are also high-powered. The 1.9 TDI has an output of 77 kW (105 hp), with the 2.0 TDI offering 103 kW (140 hp) or 125 kW (170 hp) depending on specifications. In the two reengineered two-liter TDI engines, a new common rail injection system ensures highlycultivated operation.

All engines combine a powerful character with high efficiency. The 77 kW (105 hp) diesel engine is also used to power the Audi A3 1.9 TDI e, which consumes just 4.5 liters of diesel per 100 kilometers (52.27 mpg) thanks to its special fine-tuning. The 1.8 TFSI and 2.0 TFSI engines have been optimized in terms of friction. The majority of the engines' fuel consumption values have been reduced significantly, by up to 15 percent.

High-tech from Audi: The new power transmissions

The range of power transmissions has been recently extended. Five of the eight engines are coupled to six-speed manual transmissions as standard; the 1.6 and the 1.9 TDI engines are fitted with a five-speed transmission, whilst the 3.2 is equipped as standard with the S tronic dual-clutch transmission, which is now available as an option for all engines. This high-tech assembly shifts the gears extremely quickly and comfortably - in fully automatic or manual mode, controlled by shift paddles on the steering wheel (standard as of 103 kW/ 140 hp), according to the driver's wishes.

In the six-cylinder version, the 2.0 TFSI and the diesel engines, the S tronic system is equipped with six gears, as before. The 1.6, the 1.4 TFSI and the 1.8 TFSI engines operate with a newly developed seven-speed S tronic transmission. Their two clutches have no separate oil supply - another innovative solution which increases the already high efficiency still further. Six of the seven gears are short and sporty, whereas the seventh reduces the engine's speed and consumption thanks to its long gear ratio.

Audi has also extended the quattro range - a unique feature in the premium compact class. The four-wheel-drive system is now available for five engines - the 1.8 TFSI, the 2.0 TFSI, the 3.2 (standard) and the two 2.0 TDI engines. The central, hydraulic multi-plate clutch had been intensively further developed - it now responds even faster when the engine's power has to be redistributed between the axles. This high level of effort results in a further increase in stability, traction and driving enjoyment.

Precision and harmony: The dynamic chassis

The standard dynamic chassis also blends safety, sportiness and comfort, imparting direct precision and a harmonious character. The four-link rear suspension and the extremely efficient electromechanical power steering are complex technologies. Optional sports suspension (standard in Ambition) lowers the body by 15 millimeters (0.59 inches). The optional windshield with acoustic glazing (standard in Ambiente) additionally ensures greater comfort and better acoustics.

On winding roads, the Audi A3 and the Audi A3 Sportback are able to outpace their rivals with an optional high-tech feature - the adaptive shock absorber control system, Audi magnetic ride. The driver can switch between "Normal" and "Sport" programs. A magneto-rheological fluid, which circulates in the shock absorbers, changes its flow characteristics within milliseconds when a voltage is applied; the damping system's characteristics switch - from comfortable to sporty. The electronic control system is available from Audi for the gasoline engines as of 118 kW (160 hp) and both of the two-liter TDI engines.

A question of character: The equipment lines

The Audi A3 and the Audi A3 Sportback have also been significantly upgraded in equipment terms. Three lines are available. Attraction - with the "chorus" radio system, including four speakers - is a variant which is full of character. The dynamic Ambition line is fitted with features such as sports seats, sports suspension and 17-inch wheels, whilst the luxurious Ambiente is equipped with a light and rain sensor, a cruise control system, an interior light package and a new windshield with acoustic glazing as standard, besides other features.

The S line, which contains an exterior package and a sports package, the luxurious Audi exclusive line and the refined options from the Audi exclusive range are optionally available for pronounced individualists.

In the infotainment sector, customers can choose between cutting-edge solutions, from two navigation systems to the Bose sound system and the iPod connection (from quattro GmbH's Audi exclusive range). Many extras document the high technological standard of the A3 model series, including the two-zone deluxe automatic air conditioning system and adaptive light, the dynamic cornering light system.

The Park Assist system is a brand-new high-tech system. At low vehicle speeds (up to 30 km/h (18.64 mph)), its ultrasonic sensors measure longitudinal parking spaces at the side of the road. If one of these is sufficiently large to reverse the vehicle in, the driver is provided with an indication in the driver information system. If he now engages reverse gear and accelerates, the system takes over the electromechanical steering and automatically steers the car into the parking space. The driver only has to operate the accelerator, the clutch and the brake.

Fiat 500 Abarth Assetto Corse (2009)

Fiat 500 Abarth Assetto Corse

Abarth returns to track racing, and it has chosen to do so with its new '500 Abarth Assetto Corse', the baby supersports car from Abarth, due to be produced in a Limited Edition (49 cars).

The new vehicle, designed by the Fiat Group Automobiles Style Centre and produced by a team of Abarth Engineers and Designers will be the star of track races from next year and its creation confirms Abarth's racing vocation.

The Assetto Corse version of the petite 500 Abarth takes up the baton from its forerunner, the '595' that notched up numerous successes and great victories from 1963 and led to the coining of the description 'small but deadly'.

The cars sports a full racing outfit: wide track, white 17' special ultralight racing wheels, low ride, sports racing mirrors and a place for a number on the sides. Available in pastel grey with red Abarth side stripes, the '500 Abarth Assetto Corse' reveals an assertive front end that houses a badge bearing the Abarth logo and, below this, wide bumpers complete with an aerodynamic spoiler and screen-printed grilles to replace the plastic louvres on the standard production version. In addition to the classic bonnet clips, the bonnet houses two carbon air intakes bearing the Abarth scorpion logo.

The rear part of the car features a white winged spoiler, a badge bearing the Abarth logo and a twin exhaust pipe.

The Abarth identity is expressed to the full with a thunderbolt logo on the side representing the brand's racing image and a red band and four white chequers on the roof, just as on the winning Abarth 850TC version of the 1960s.

Inside, the '500 Abarth Assetto Corse' is equipped with a roll-bar type-approved for racing that is completely hollow to make the car lighter and faster. The car weighs approximately 180 kg less than the road version. The anatomical seats, the steering wheel (special for racing) and the carbon door panels make the 500 Abarth Assetto Corse a real baby sports car with a indomitable character all of its own .

Abarth has also thoughtfully provided a clothing set for the driver, that will be delivered in an original Abarth-branded leather bag. Owners of the '500 Abarth Assetto Corse' will therefore be resplendent in overalls, helmets, gloves and shoes, all meticulously branded with the ultra-new 'Assetto Corse' logo produced for the limited edition of the car.

BMW X6 UK Version (2009)

BMW X6 UK Version

n 1999 BMW broke the four-wheel-drive mould when it launched the X5 Sports Activity Vehicle. With a bias towards excellent on-road performance combined with a dynamic design and a premium interior, the BMW X5 was an instant success. And it's a winning formula that has, unlike most other models, led to increasing sales during its lifecycle with the biggest annual UK sales coming in its penultimate year. The timing of the BMW X5 was perfect and it reflected buyers' lifestyles and their desire for something unique in the marketplace.

The introduction of the BMW X6 is a logical next step in the process of anticipating customer demand. The BMW X6 sets a new performance benchmark with the world debut of its innovative Dynamic Performance Control rear differential and advanced stability systems to ensure a new dimension in 4x4 car-like driving capabilities. The drivetrain, incorporating BMW EfficientDynamics technologies, ensures the X6 delivers excellent emissions and fuel consumption figures in conjunction with impressive output and acceleration figures. All that in a dynamic coupe-like body shape and interior that is unique in the premium segment. The BMW X6 is a bespoke proposition, but one that competitors look set to copy…just like the BMW X5.

The concept of the new BMW X6 is best considered in relation to the link between the BMW 3 Series Saloon, Touring, Coupé and Convertible. People buy all four versions of the 3 Series depending on their circumstances and needs. The same will be the case for the BMW X6 compared to other BMW X models.

The BMW X6 is undeniably a niche car with BMW UK expecting to sell approximately 1,600 X6s in its first year - by comparison an average of 7,000 X5s are sold every year. Research has shown that three key buyer profiles exist:

• Buyers who want the command driving position an X product provides, but who also aspire to the sporting style of a Coupé.
• Early adopters. BMW broke the mould when it launched the X5 and the interest for that model came from early adopters looking for something unique in the market. Early BMW X6 customers are expected to come from a similar demographic.
• The BMW X5 or other Sports Activity Vehicle owner whose family has left home and still desires a similar car, but one that doesn't scream 'family'.

Klaus Kibsgaard, the new Managing Director of BMW (UK) Ltd, said: "People have questioned why we should launch such a car, but these doubters are the same who said a BMW X5 wasn't a true BMW and that we shouldn't produce that. The BMW X5 3.0d has gone on to be the third biggest selling new car in our portfolio and is one of the most searched for used cars too.

"While we intend the X6 to be a niche product, BMW is leading the way in introducing new vehicles that challenge convention but are borne out of evolving customer demands. The BMW Z4 Coupé, the BMW 635d and the BMW 1 Series Coupé are all examples of this. The BMW X6 caters for a more discerning sector of the market which wants a specific product and won't compromise."

A quartet of turbocharged engines

For the first time in BMW's history a model range has been launched solely powered by turbocharged engines. The BMW X6 xDrive35i is powered by the twin-turbocharged 2007 and 2008 International Engine of the Year winner that produces 306hp. This powerplant is capable of propelling the X6 xDrive35i from zero to 62mph in 6.7 seconds and on to a top speed of 149mph. The 2,979cc-engined X6 is still capable of achieving a combined 25.9mpg and a CO2 figure of 262g/km.

The BMW X6 xDrive30d and the BMW X6 xDrive35d also both have award-winning powerplants under their bonnets. The former, a single turbocharged unit produces 235hp from its 2,993cc block, while the latter ups the ante by offering 286hp from the same capacity engine but aided by twin-turbochargers.

The BMW X6 xDrive30d, which is likely to become the biggest selling X6 variant over time, reaches 62mph from zero in 8.0 seconds before going on to a top speed of 137mph. Emissions and economy figures are equally impressive, recording 217g/km and 34.4mpg respectively. The low CO2 output is enough for the car to qualify for a lower Vehicle Excise Duty band, compared to rival products, and continue to be an £8-a-day Congestion Charge vehicle in London should current proposals become statute.

The BMW X6 xDrive35d sprints from zero to 62mph in 6.9 seconds before going on to a top speed of 147mph. It too sits under the 225g/km higher Vehicle Excise Duty and Congestion Charge strata. The twin-turbocharged diesel records an emissions figure of 220g/km, while also being capable of 34.0mpg.

Completing the awesome foursome of powerplants is a new twin-turbocharged, high-precision direct injection, 4.4-litre V8 engine producing 408hp. This all-new engine, not seen in any other BMW product before, is the most powerful production non-M BMW V8 engine ever and makes the flagship X6 the most powerful production X product. It can reach 62mph from standstill in 5.4 seconds - quicker than a Porsche Boxster - before going on to an electronically-limited top speed of 155mph.

All four X6 models utilise facets of BMW EfficientDynamics technologies. Brake Energy Regeneration is standard across the range and combines with active aerodynamics and low viscosity fluids in the steering and transmission systems. Third-generation common-rail technology diesel-engined cars and high-precision direct injection on the petrol models both serve to optimise the combustion process.

A new high in dynamic capability

The power of the BMW X6 is harnessed by an advanced chassis that incorporates Dynamic Performance Control for the first time on a BMW. Dynamic Performance Control offers drivers class-leading cornering ability courtesy of a complex multi-clutch differential that, effectively, helps drive the vehicle around a bend.

A conventional differential wastes power through wheelslip during cornering. A limited-slip differential locks out an unloaded wheel to transfer drive to the wheel with most grip - but the locked wheel can act as a drag on performance. However, Dynamic Performance Control improves on the traditional, performance oriented limited-slip differential. It allows an inside wheel to still deliver power and provide drive, while at the same time sending more drive to the outside wheel that has more grip. The result, combined with one of the most advanced stability control systems available, is a vehicle that out performs the current benchmark BMW X5 and some sports cars in terms of dynamic capability.

Audi S3 (2009)

Audi S3

The dynamic range-topping member of the A3 family sports new features, too. There is now a second top model on the market, with the Audi S3 Sportback joining the three-door Audi S3. Both versions are equipped with the same engine, the reengineered 2.0 TFSI with an output of 195 kW (265 hp). With 350 Nm (258.15 lb-ft) of torque available constantly from 2,500 to 5,000 rpm, the direct-injection, two-liter turbo catapults the three-door model from 0 to 100 km/h (62.14 mph) in 5.7 seconds (Sportback: 5.8 seconds); the top speed is limited electronically to 250 km/h (155.34 mph). Yet the S3's fuel consumption is astonishingly low, at an average of 8.5 liters per 100 km (27.67 mpg).

A six-speed manual transmission handles the business of getting the power from the engine to the standard quattro driveline; 18-inch wheels provide a firm grip with the road. The sport suspension holds the body 25 millimeters (0.98 in) lower and integrates lightweight aluminum components. Black brake calipers act on 17-inch disk brakes. Audi's compact premium sports model offers the reflexes of a top athlete. It reacts spontaneously to steering movements and its handling remains stable, precise and almost neutral right up to its physical limits. When coming out of a bend it veritably seems to dig its claws into the tarmac, enabling the driver to start accelerating again at the earliest possible moment.

Like the A3, the S3 has been optically modified and is clearly distinguished by a number of striking lines, for example on the radiator grille, on the bumpers and on the roof spoiler, as well as by the aluminum-look exterior mirrors. Inside, the driver and front passenger are greeted by sport seats with cloth, Alcantara/leather or all-leather upholstery; Audi exclusive bucket seats are available as an option. Aluminum pedals, three different styles of inlay and a black or silver headlining create an exclusively sporty look. Deluxe automatic air conditioning, an anti-theft alarm and xenon plus headlamps with LED daytime running light extend the range of standard features

Alfa Romeo Mi.To (2009)

Alfa Romeo Mi.To

An up-to-date and innovative car, a name redolent of history. The name Mi.To has great evocative resonance for Alfa Romeo, since it was chosen as a sign of a deep-seated link between the past and future of the brand: between Milan, the city of design that brought the car's style into being, and Turin, which will be responsible for its industrial production. A decision that highlights the brand's strong desire to consolidate its Milanese roots.

The Alfa Romeo Mi.To is the first car to be built since the 8C Competizione, Alfa Romeo's icon of style and technology, from which it borrows certain characteristic traits: the particular shape of the unframed side windows, the three-lobed motif that distinguishes the front bumper, the shape of the headlights and the LED tail lights. The headlights and tail lights represent a distinctive personalised feature: a frame featuring different forms of material processing and colours to create an ultra-stylish eye-liner effect that underscores the car's style and aggression.

The highly personal dashboard and seats ensure that the interior represents the ultimate expression of Italian style, welcoming yet sporty, with top-quality materials and the closest attention to detail.

The greatest thought has also gone into defining the dimensions, which add up to a compact and dynamic shape: the Alfa Romeo Mi.To is 4.06 metres long, 1.44 metres high and 1.72 metres wide.

Style, design, and more: performance and technology must always be top-of-the-range in an Alfa Romeo. As all the brand's models, the Alfa Romeo Mi.To is able to appeal to the most demanding customers with its exciting driveability, determined partly to the Alfa DNA system. This control acts on the engine, brakes, steering, suspension and gearbox, allowing three different vehicle behaviour modes based on the driving style best suited to the situation or the customer's wishes: supersporting (Dynamic), town driving (Normal), maximum safety even in difficult grip conditions (All-Weather). Mi.To is the first car in its segment to offer such innovative technological content.

Great performances are guaranteed by a range of 4 engines, all Turbo (petrol and diesel), that currently range from 90 hp up to 155 hp, with the range due to be extended by even higher power ratings.

Performance and handling have been developed and optimised to offer maximum driving satisfaction in complete safety. The Alfa Romeo Mi.To offers true Alfa Romeo sporting ride, featuring contractive suspensions - standard on all specifications and engines - that considerably reduce roll and maximum active, passive and preventive safety: VDC stability system as standard and a vehicle structure that is already designed to obtain the top EuroNCAP rating in the future.

The Alfa Romeo Mi.To will be introduced to the international press during June and will then be gradually introduced from July in all the major markets.

Alfa Romeo Brera S (2009)

Alfa Romeo Brera S

Few sports cars are developed specifically for Britain's roads. Those that have been tend to become true 'driver's cars'. Alfa Romeo is planning for the new, limited edition Alfa Romeo Brera S to join those ranks.

After a year of intensive suspension and chassis development at Prodrive, the world-leading motorsport specialist, the result is a sports coupe that subtly enhances all that is good about the original Alfa Brera, while bestowing it with outstanding driver feedback and handling.

Distinctly different from the rest of the line-up, this unique addition to Alfa Romeo's UK range includes refined styling changes, inside and out. And to ensure ultimate exclusivity, production of the Alfa Romeo Brera S will be limited to just 500 individually numbered models.

Power comes from a choice of two existing direct injection petrol engines - the 185 bhp 2.2 JTS and the 260 bhp 3.2 V6 JTS.

Marketing director at Alfa Romeo UK, Nicholas Bernard, says: "Significantly, the Alfa Romeo Brera S isn't simply about brute force, it's about how the available power is transferred to the road and how the road surface is communicated back to the driver to bring new levels of sports handling and driver-focused confidence and involvement."

Briefed to make the Alfa Romeo Brera S less of a long-distance tourer and more sporty on UK roads, the engineering team at Prodrive developed a unique suspension set-up. Prodrive engineers meticulously experimented with spring rates and ride heights to match the reduced weights of the 2008 model year Alfa Breras. Then followed an extensive damper tuning exercise to achieve the desired ride/handling balance and steering response required by driving enthusiasts in the UK.

According to Prodrive Project Leader, Peter Cambridge, the result is "a car that 'shrinks' around the driver and delivers all the fun and engagement of a sports car driving experience on A and B-roads. Yet, on motorways, offers a compliant and composed ride."

The sports car driving experience is achieved by reducing roll and pitch, flattening the cornering attitude, and subsequently instilling confidence-inspiring steering.

Peter Cambridge comments: "Our painstaking work with the spring set-up controls exactly how much the car pitches and rolls with every lump, bump, camber and pothole on our roads. Then we developed the dampers to control the rate at which the springs respond. Once we were satisfied with that, we set about really affecting the feel and response of the steering to inspire confidence."

To reduce roll and pitch and achieve an even flatter cornering attitude, Prodrive commissioned bespoke Eibach coil springs and Bilstein dampers.

Spring rates are increased by over 50 per cent compared to the standard Alfa Brera, giving the car a more nimble and agile feel, while the specially tuned gas-filled mono-tube dampers give tighter body control. A careful balance has been created to maintain good compliance over ridges and bumps in the road.

At the same time, the suspension static geometry has also been revised to optimise steering and handling. These changes, together with new 19" alloy wheels and Pirelli PZero Nero tyres, have created a more responsive turn-in to corners, with increased driver feedback, allowing the driver to explore the dynamic limits of the car.

To further enhance suspension geometry, the cars have been lowered by 10 mm front and rear. This lower centre of gravity helps reduce roll and improve cornering and braking performance. In addition, the lowered suspension gives the Alfa Romeo Brera S a more purposeful stance.

At each corner of the Alfa Romeo Brera S, unique Alfa 8C Competizione-inspired, lightweight 19" alloy wheels have been fitted. Although the wheels are eye-catching, the all-new design was commissioned by Prodrive primarily for performance, rather than just cosmetic appeal. The reason is unsprung weight - the weight carried by the car on the 'road side' of the spring and shock absorber. This plays a significant role in the way the car steers, handles and transmits feedback to the driver.

The lighter the wheel, the better it tracks undulations in the road surface without requiring heavy damping to control it. The unsprung weight has been further reduced by the adoption of hollow anti-roll bars and aluminium suspension components from the Factory.

As a result, the weight of both Alfa Romeo Brera S models is lower than the rest of the range. The front-wheel drive 3.2 V6 JTS is almost 100 kg lighter than the Q4 version and the 2.2 JTS version weighs 35 kg less.

The Alfa Romeo Brera S also sounds different from the standard range. The original characteristic growl of the V6 has been enhanced by careful redesign of the rear silencers. Thanks to a Holmholtz resonator connected in tandem with each silencer, the 2.2 JTS model now emits a sportier yet refined burble.

The exhaust has been altered to mirror the shape of the rear lights. Finished with chrome embellishers, they feature a Prodrive logo on the tailpipe exterior. This is just one of several subtle exterior enhancements to the award-winning Alfa Brera, including Prodrive branded front stone deflectors, and a bespoke red 'S' or 'SV6' on the C-pillar.

Inside the 3.2 V6 JTS Alfa Romeo Brera S, changes are more obvious. Not only are the supportive sports seats upholstered in soft black Frau® leather with red stitching, so are the dashboard fascia, door panels, steering wheel and gearlever. The centre console and instruments are faced in a dark finish. This interior can also be specified on the 2.2 JTS version.

Foot pedals are fashioned from drilled aluminium and the headrest recess houses a limited edition Brera S aluminium plate, featuring the flags of Italy and Britain.

For the record, the 2.2 JTS and 3.2 V6 JTS Alfa Romeo Brera S can reach 62 mph from rest in 8.6 and 7.0 seconds respectively, on the way to maximum speeds of 139 and 155 mph.

The transition from Alfa Brera to Brera S takes place at Alfa Romeo UK's dedicated import centre, near Bristol, and is overseen by Prodrive.

Nicholas Bernard says: "The standard Brera is well loved and delivers a great all-round driving experience. But the Alfa Romeo Brera S is deliberately honed, tuned and fettled for British roads and aimed directly at a dedicated audience of driving enthusiasts."

Seat Ibiza (2009)

Seat Ibiza

The new Seat Ibiza bursts onto the scene full of energy and youthful dynamism, but true to its origins. It's an innovative proposal whose precision quality, sportiness and new "Arrow Design" concept combine perfectly with high levels of safety and comfort. The car shows how well the new platform developed by the VW Group for this segment adapts to the Spanish maker's newcomer.

To be produced exclusively in the Martorell facilities, the most modern technologies have been applied on the new generation Seat Ibiza in all the manufacturing stages, resulting in a development time shortened by 14 months compared to the previous Seat Ibiza and featuring the use of virtual models in the initial stage, instead of the traditional physical models.

The most significant result of this has not only been reduced lead times and lower expenses, but the enhancement of one of the values that Seat applies to all its models, namely quality, which has reached its highest level on the new Seat Ibiza.

Paying special attention to detail, both on the exterior as well as the interior of the car, several elements can be found on the new Seat Ibiza that have been crafted with exquisite care, for example the detailing on the dashboard, the instrument panel, the new ventilation nozzles or the central console, where the newly designed radio includes a Bluetooth connection that can be activated via controls on the steering column.

Externally, the new "Arrow Design" concept makes a bold statement, where the headlights and radiator grille's lower positioning provide a sportier, more forceful silhouette. These qualities are also present in the modified "Dynamic Line" that makes an impressive sweep across the side of the car. The robust rear shoulders and attractive wheel arches complete the design of the new Seat Ibiza, the first production model created by Seat's Design Director Luc Donckerwolke.

New platform

The novel platform used on the new Seat Ibiza lengthens the car's wheelbase by 7 mm and widens the track, 30 mm more at the front and 33 mm more on the rear. This has led to modifications to the steering gear, front sub-chassis, stabiliser bar, lower transversal arms and the silent-blocks that attach to the body.

The greater distance between the axles and greater diameter wheels have also contributed to the significant evolution of the characteristic "Agile Chassis" concept, which affects the performance of suspension, steering and brakes.

All of these changes provide the new Seat model with enhanced dynamic qualities, greater driving comfort, more room and more practicality. Besides, an 8% increase in boot space makes it among the leaders in its segment, with a total capacity of 292 litres (25 more than the previous Ibiza.)

Environmental sustainability

The new Seat Ibiza features outstanding environmental friendliness - it can be almost fully recycled and its CO2 emissions have been lowered across the board. All Diesel engine emissions levels are below 120 g/km, while on the petrol versions the figure is below 160 g /km.

A lot of time has also been dedicated to safety, with demanding virtual simulations, real crash tests and more than two million kilometres of gruelling road tests. The addition of a standard head-thorax airbag increases passenger safety on the new Seat Ibiza, and pedestrian safety has been improved with a newly-designed bonnet and front bumper.

Furthermore, the new Ibiza offers standard ESP electronic stability in selected markets such as Spain and Germany, as well as Hill Hold Control, which maintains the vehicle stationary on slopes for two seconds between releasing the brake pedal and accelerating. A static cornering light function on the fog lamps is also available, which improves visibility when turning corners, or at speeds lower than 40 km/h.

Other important new features very well worth mentioning are the powerful Bi-xenon headlamps with AFS (Adaptive Frontlighting System), rear parking sensors, a radio-integrated Bluetooth connection or the pre-installation in the middle of the dashboard of a handy dock to connect a portable satnav system.

Although the initial engine range features three petrol versions (70 hp 1.2; 85 hp 1.4 and 105 hp 1.6) and one Diesel option with the DPF particulate filter (105 hp 1.9 TDI), the range will soon expand to include the 80 hp 1.4 TDI and 90 hp 1.9 TDI. All the engines are mated to a five-speed manual gearbox. The new Seat Ibiza will be available with three trim levels - Reference, Stylance and Sport, with an outstanding standard equipment level even from the entry-level model.

Exterior Design

The modern, ground-breaking design of the new Seat Ibiza stems from a new design language. The car's imposing sportiness is highlighted by its "Arrow Design", which resorts to simpler, more defined geometric lines that create both balance and aesthetic continuity.

The front end looks much more aggressive due to the positioning of the captivating eye-shaped headlights and the radiator grille. Both elements have been lowered, conferring an arrowhead design which is characteristic of the new car.

In the design concept of the new Seat Ibiza, Seat Design Director Luc Donckerwolke underlines that "there is greater tension on the car's body surface treatment, with incisive concavities that create reduced colour shades." He recognises that on the new body "there are more surface nuances and more obvious lettering."

There is a highly important new element in the design of the Ibiza that emphasises the car's sporty nature - the distinct shoulder line that rises over the rear wheel arch to convey more strength to the rear of the vehicle. The robust shoulders stand out visually over the striking wheel arches.

The "Dynamic Line" that personalises the silhouette of Seat's current model range lends special significance to the new Seat Ibiza. Compared to the others, this one is a distinct line that begins at the hatch on the side of the body and the rear lights, creating a perfect visual continuity with the line of the boot, and contrasts with the line that runs lengthwise from the front end over the doors and downward to finish in the centre of the rear wheel arch.

According to Luc Donckerwolke, "this Dynamic Line is different and lends greater balance to the car's volumes."

Furthermore, the sporty looks and clearly youthful image surrounding the new Seat Ibiza are emphasised by the door mirrors located beneath the base of the windows and the efficient air intake underneath the bumper.

Interior Design

The philosophy applied to the design of the interior is based on facing all the instruments toward the driver to create a sporty atmosphere to match the car's exterior. At the same time, the shape of the surfaces lets in enough light to set the interior mood, creating a perfect balance in the passenger compartment between functionality and design.

The interior dimensions are uncluttered, resulting in greater roominess and practicality. The first thing that draws your attention is the sporty driving position, which has been lowered by 22 mm compared to the previous model. Now there is a distance of 986 mm (20 mm more) to the ceiling for both the driver and passenger, and 60 mm (16 mm more) from the head to the area where the ceiling and the doors meet.

Since the vehicle is 99 mm longer, the boot capacity is 292 litres (25 litres greater than on the previous Ibiza. On selected versions, the side lining includes a storage net for small objects, and a recess with a strap to hold the light bulb case. Surrounding the lock there is also a recess and restraints for the emergency triangles, and there are four further optional anchoring rings to attach a restraining net.

The newly designed, sporty dashboard features a driver-oriented instrument panel with two large circular dials for easy visual access.

Some areas on the dashboard are soft to the touch. They are located away from the windscreen and feature a broader colour range, including light shades. There are also a lot more painted components compared to the previous model, including metallic tones. The new circular air nozzles guarantee an ideal air flow direction for greater passenger compartment comfort.

Safety

Safety aspects on the new Seat Ibiza have been carefully studied since the beginning of the project. Its uniform structure of links and profiles meets the established objectives, after simulations and real tests, of achieving a balanced deformation of its structure. This prevents passenger contact with structural elements that could cause injuries in the event of a rollover.

The new Seat Ibiza features two airbag setups - one standard, which includes side head-thorax airbags and two front airbags; and alternative equipment which includes side thorax-pelvis airbags and head airbags.

The safety concept has been considerably enhanced on the new generation Seat Ibiza. One key area is the development of a new driver airbag module, focusing efforts on improving the airbag's performance under extreme temperature conditions. Results are a weight reduction and less complexity than on the previous model.

Since the deployment area on the lining is seamless and invisible to the eye, also the looks of the dashboard has improved in case of the passenger airbag.

The new Seat Ibiza also features a fasten seatbelt warning system for the front seats, and Isofix anchoring points for the rear seats, enabling two child seats to be securely fastened. A complementary accessory is the possibility of installing a third anchoring point called Top Tether, which prevents the child seat from rotating in the event of a crash.

Active safety elements on the new Seat Ibiza include ABS, TCS and ESP with EBA and tyre pressure warning.

Demanding crash tests

Crash tests were used in the development programme of the new Seat Ibiza at an impact speed of 64 km/h, instead of the usual 56 km/h. Another area of active and passive safety examined was the restraining systems.

Rear crash tests were even more gruelling, with a speed of impact of 50 km/h instead of 38 km/h, while the mass of the impact beam was also increased.

High resistance steel was used on the side protection bars of the doors and at waist height, which contributes to protecting passengers in the event of a side impact.

The wholly new steering column is more ergonomic, weighs less, performs better in case of impact and is more rigid, increasing the sensation of comfort and quality. The total weight is one kg less than on the former model. This has been achieved through design improvements and the addition of greater support on the transversal beam.

The steering column ergonomics have been generally improved by placing the plastic lever that adjusts its position on the side, rather than underneath, providing an important 9 mm more space for the driver's knees in the event of a crash.

Increased pedestrian safety

Pedestrian protection is one area of safety that has been particularly closely studied on the new Seat Ibiza. The two zones on the car that are more prone to cause injuries to a pedestrian's head and lower legs are the bonnet and the bumper.

The bonnet features two areas of maximum energy absorption where the risk of causing head injuries is the greatest. On the whole, the great distance between the bumper and its crossbeam but no distance between the bumper and its rear support both contribute to protecting the legs in the event of collision. The former guarantees that the knee avoids impact and at the same time advances forward and reduces its acceleration. The latter implies that the resulting zone is very rigid (the spoiler beneath the bumper) and not prone to deformation, so a leg impact prevents the shinbone from advancing.

The combination of both features causes reduced angles related to the femur/shinbone, much less than 15 degrees, which implies that a pedestrian's legs are better protected.

The Seat Ibiza has been put through more than two million kilometres of endurance tests, and the resulting data has been analysed at the Martorell Technical Centre as the basis for introducing improvements to the new model during its development.

Engines

Although the engine line-up on the new Seat Ibiza will gradually increase, the initial offer includes four different versions - three petrol and one Diesel. Each one is mated to a five-speed manual gearbox and follows the strict EU4 emission guidelines.

The entry-level 1.2 litre petrol engine has a three cylinder block, a cylinder head with four valves per cylinder and multi-point fuel injection. It develops 70 hp (51 kW) and its maximum engine torque is 112 Nm at 3,000 rpm, giving it exceptional fuel consumption and performance levels. Average fuel consumption is 5.9 litres per 100 km and CO2 emissions are listed at 139 g/km.

The intermediate 1.4 litre petrol engine has four cylinders, a cylinder head with 16 valves and multi-point fuel injection. It delivers 85 hp (63 kW) and its maximum engine torque is 132 Nm at 3,800 rpm. As with the smallest engine, this one strikes a perfect balance between performance, consumption and emissions. Average fuel consumption is 6.2 litres per 100 km and CO2 emissions are listed at 149 g/km.

The most powerful, four cylinder 1.6 litre petrol engine also has 16 valves and multi-point fuel injection. It delivers 105 hp (77kW) and 153 Nm of engine torque at 3,800 rpm. Despite its higher performance, fuel consumption is still contained at 6.6 litres, and CO2 emissions fall beneath 160 g at 157 g/km.

The only Diesel engine available for the moment is the 1.9 litre four cylinder TDI equipped with a direct fuel pump-injection system enhanced with an Intercooler turbo. It develops 105 hp (77 kW) and delivers a maximum torque of 240 Nm at 1,900 rpm. It features a DPF particulate filter and consumes 4.5 litres on average for every 100 km, and maintains CO2 emissions at 119 g/km.

Future additions to the Diesel range will include the 80 hp 1.4 TDI and the 90 hp 1.9 TDI, both equipped with the DPF particulate filter.

Kia Soul (2009)

Kia Soul

Kia Motors has confirmed its all-new segment-busting car will retain the name and spirit of the concept from which it evolved - Soul.

First seen as the SOUL concept car at the 2006 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, a trio of concept developments then appeared at the 2008 Geneva Motor Show which gave a strong indication to the many characters the new Kia could take on.

Mr Hyoung-Keun Lee, Senior Executive Vice President and COO, International Business Division, Kia Motors Corporation, said; 'Reaction from the media and public to the three SOUL concept cars seen at the Geneva Show in March and shown subsequently at other international events, has been overwhelmingly positive. This reaction, plus the fact that both physically and emotionally, the SOUL concept cars are so closely related to the new Kia Soul production car, made it a natural choice to retain this evocative name.'

The three Geneva concept cars - SOUL Burner, SOUL Diva and SOUL Searcher - were created by Kia's European design team led by Gregory Guillaume, with input from Kia's Chief Design Officer, Peter Schreyer. The original SOUL concept was designed jointly by Kia's Californian and Korean design studios.

Speaking about the choice of name for the original 2006 Detroit concept car, Tom Kearns, Chief Designer of Kia Motors America, said; 'We wanted to inject some life into this car's design, to give it a soul. And the word 'Soul' is a homophone for the home city of Kia Motors headquarters, in Korea, so it is a fun play on words.'

Peter Schreyer added; 'The name SOUL accurately reflects how people will be able to 'express their spirit - their psyche' with this new product. Through a variety of options, accessories and colours, they will be able to personalise their Kia Soul and create a sense of individuality, making their new car a true reflection of their personality.'

Looking to the 2008 Paris Motor Show, Gregory Guillaume said; 'Because the new Kia Soul is not a replacement for an existing vehicle and is destined to play a unique role within the Kia global line-up, it can be a bit of a rebel. The trio of Geneva concepts were 'appetisers' for the new model introduction at Paris, and you can be certain that the new Kia Soul model will retain the core DNA of the three exciting concepts.'

The Kia Soul defies classification and its design will encourage customers to build an emotional bond with this new car. Production of Soul will begin in Korea in September 2008 with UK cars appearing in early 2009. Kia believes Soul will provide a creative platform for buyers to individualise and match their car to their own personality.

The Kia Soul production car will make its world premiere at the Paris Motor Show in October this year and is expected to go on sale in the UK in early 2009.

Aston Martin V8 Vantage (2009)

Aston Martin V8 Vantage

Aston Martin's V8 Vantage - originally launched to widespread critical acclaim at the Geneva Motor Show in 2005 - is to receive significant technical enhancements, reaffirming the car's position as one of the world's most desirable and exhilarating sports cars.

While the universally distinctive and award-winning shape of the Aston Martin V8 Vantage is retained, the car benefits from a number of technical changes which include significantly up-rated engine performance from a new 4.7 litre power unit in both Coupe and Roadster variants. Other changes include revised dynamics to take full advantage of increased power and torque availability, improved Sportshift™ transmission software and a new sports suspension option.

The 4.7 litre V8 engine has a power output of 420bhp (an 11% increase on the previous 4.3 litre unit) and delivers peak torque of 470Nm (15% increase), providing the Aston Martin V8 Vantage with new reserves of mid-range performance, an improved 0-60mph time of 4.7 seconds and top speed of 180mph (288kph). Combined European fuel economy and CO2 emissions are also improved by 13% (Sportshift™).

Inside, the changes include a new centre console and revised switchgear and the introduction of an ECU replacing the previous V8 Vantage key. Externally, the acclaimed V8 Vantage design appearance is enhanced with a range of new standard and optional 19'' alloy wheels.

Aston Martin Chief Executive Officer, Dr Ulrich Bez said: "Continued development and evolution of our unique VH (Vertical-Horizontal) architecture has brought even higher levels of refinement and dynamic performance to our whole range.

"With the new 4.7 litre engine and associated changes we have taken the Aston Martin V8 Vantage to new levels of performance to produce an even more desirable sports car.

"The Aston Martin V8 Vantage is now the most successful Aston Martin in our history and we are confident these changes will continue its appeal and driving enjoyment for both new and existing customers."

Engine

Improvements in performance have been achieved through a number of carefully developed changes to Aston Martin's acclaimed V8 engine.

The cylinder bore and stroke has been increased from 89mm to 91mm and 86mm to 91mm respectively, giving a total displacement of 4735cc.

The increase in cylinder bore is facilitated by a move to cylinder liners that are pressed into the pre-machined aluminium alloy block, allowing a thinner liner than was possible with the cast-in design of the 4.3 litre engine.

The new forged steel crankshaft provides the 91mm stroke and incorporates new holes in the counter weights for reduced rotating mass and improved inter-bay breathing. New forged steel con-rods and cast aluminium pistons complete the capacity-related changes.

Other key changes include efficiency improvements to the dry sump lubrication system, including a new sump casting with oil pick-up points moved from the front and rear to the sides of the sump. The cylinder heads are modified with a new intake port and an inlet valve size increase from 34.9mm to 35.9mm. The intake manifold has been modified to match the new port to optimise air flow.

Transmission

The Aston Martin V8 Vantage transmissions have also undergone changes to improve performance and to handle the increased levels of power and torque. Both the standard manual stick-shift gearbox and the optional Sportshift™ transmission benefit from a modified clutch and flywheel, reducing clutch pedal efforts and delivering a 0.5kg weight saving, reducing the rotating masses within the powertrain, and hence increasing engine responsiveness.

Aston Martin's Sportshift™ transmission has undergone a series of specific changes to broaden the capabilities of the gearbox to offer customers enhanced comfort and convenience with sporting capabilities. Changes include a revised control strategy, allowing the transmission, rather than the engine, to dictate how best the engine torque should be deployed to optimise performance and deliver power smoothly and consistently.

'Dual Throttle Map' software is also featured. When 'Comfort' mode is selected the engine reacts in a smoother more progressive manner to driver throttle inputs and in the default 'Sports' mode the throttle mapping is more aggressive, delivering a more dynamic and sporting feel.

Sportshift™ now also has the capability to take inputs from the steering wheel enabling the current gear to be held when the car is negotiating a corner and hill descent detection, allowing a low gear to be held, maximising the effects of engine braking.

Suspension

A series of improvements are introduced to the Aston Martin V8 Vantage chassis and suspension setup to deliver improved body control and low speed ride quality; enabling the driver to take full advantage of the increased performance potential.

A number of the improved components originally introduced on the Vantage Roadster are now carried over to the Coupe, including revised upper damper mountings and bump stops. Additionally, the front spring rates are stiffened by 11% at the front and 5% at the rear.

Steering geometry is also modified to improve steering feel, while the front lower suspension arm compliance bushes are stiffened by 22% to provide enhanced steering response and handling.

The Aston Martin V8 Vantage also now benefits from Bilstein dampers as standard; these low-friction dampers provide improved levels of dynamic capabilities and further improve ride quality.

Design & Optional Equipment

Also introduced as an option for both Coupe and Roadster variants is a new Sports Pack which comprises forged lightweight alloy wheels aiding a lower unsprung mass, re-tuned Bilstein dampers with improved dynamic response, up-rated springs and a revised rear anti-roll bar (Coupe only). The Sports Pack is intended to offer greater agility, high speed body control and precision feel for the most enthusiastic of drivers.

Although the award-winning exterior design of the Aston Martin V8 Vantage remains largely unchanged, a new 20-spoke 19'' alloy wheel is introduced as standard, with either diamond turned silver or graphite finishes available as options, affording customers maximum choice. Alternatively, as part of the Sports Pack option, a 5-spoke lightweight aluminium wheel will be provided.

In the cabin, a new centre console constructed from die cast zinc alloy with a graphite silver finish is introduced along with a new ECU - first seen on the DBS in 2007. The ECU - constructed from glass, polished stainless steel and polycarbonate - replaces the key used previously for the Aston Martin V8 Vantage. The revised car also includes a new Hard Disk Drive (HDD) Navigation System offering faster route processing, additional features and improved graphics. Full ipod/MP3 integration is retained as standard equipment.

First shown as a concept car at the 2003 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, the Aston Martin V8 Vantage caused a worldwide sensation as it allowed Aston Martin to enter a new sector of the premium sports car market with a genuine alternative to other cars on offer. Deliveries of the Aston Martin V8 Vantage Coupe to customers began in late 2005, joined by a convertible sibling in 2007 when the Vantage Roadster was launched. The car is hand built at Aston Martin's Headquarters at Gaydon, Warwickshire, UK and to date more than 10,000 have been delivered to customers around the world.

Performance

* Max speed: 180mph (290 km/h)
* Acceleration: 0-60mph 4.7 seconds
* 0-100km/h (62mph) 4.8 seconds
* Max power: 313kW (420bhp) @ 7000 rpm
* Max torque: 470 Nm (346 lb.ft) @ 5750 rpm

Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 (2009)

Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4

With the new Gallardo LP560-4, Lamborghini once again sets a higher standard for super sports cars. With its new engine, permanent four-wheel drive transmission and new suspension, it delivers clearly improved performance and dynamics. In parallel, its innovative design takes the classic lines unique to the Lamborghini brand one step further. Powerful elegance has never been so defined before.

The Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 is the successor of the most successful Lamborghini model of all time. Approximately 7100 Gallardo models have left the Sant'Agata Bolognese production plant since its launch in 2003. "The LP560-4 will consolidate this success story," states Stephan Winkelmann, President and CEO of Automobili Lamborghini. "It will outclass its predecessor in every aspect; its dynamics are distinctly breathtaking and its design sets new standards. With the introduction of the Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4, we will consistently continue Lamborghini's growth strategy".

The powerful heart of the Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 is the new 5.2 litre V10 engine with an output of 560 PS (412 kW) at 8000 rpm. The increase of 40 PS compared with that of the previous Gallardo, and the approximate 20 kilogram reduction in weight, improves the power weight ratio to 2.5 kilograms per PS (hp) and thus enhances performance. The LP560-4 accelerates from 0-100 km/h in 3.7 seconds, its speed at 11.8 seconds is 200 km/h and its top speed lies at 325 km/h. At the same time the new, highly efficient engine enthrals its driver with its direct fuel injection system - "Iniezione Diretta Stratificata". Despite its clearly increased power, fuel consumption and CO2 emissions have been reduced by a staggering 18 per cent.

The engineers in the Sant'Agata-based Technical Department have also improved traction, handling and stability at high speeds. The redesigned four-wheel drive transmission, the new suspension and the optimised aerodynamics as well as the reduced weight and decreased friction between the components, all contribute to the overall improvements in the vehicle. Thus the Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 presents itself as a cutting edge super sports car also suitable for the race-track. The car is also surprisingly suited to long-distance driving and despite its extreme performance capabilities is easy to control whilst maintaining utmost stability.

The Style - Powerful elegance

A Lamborghini is and always will be a highly efficient athlete. Its extreme sensuality is based upon precision, performance and on spontaneous action. A Lamborghini's elegance is that of stark, purist strength. This DNA of the Lamborghini brand is being continuously developed by the Centro Stile in every new car. Thus the Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 displays the precise lines and clean surface edges in its distinctly minimalist design. Ornaments or embellishments of any form are alien to it.

Evolution of form systematically follows the demands of function: the newly designed front of the LP 560-4 squats deeply to the ground which contributes to its aerodynamic efficiency. The enlarged and clearly accentuated cooling intakes meet the demands of augmented engine power thus increasing the air circulation vital to a vehicle as powerful as this. The spoiler, positioned low between the air intakes, improves aerodynamic equilibrium at high speeds.

Characteristic LED - Daytime running light

The new headlights have a characteristic 'daytime' running light integrated beneath the Bi-Xenon lamps: 15 diodes (LED) have been positioned in a Y structure. The same motif appears again in the rear tail-lights. The stop and brake lights have been inspired by the Miura Concept, the Murciélago LP640 and the Reventón and display the Y form three times over.

The completely redesigned rear gives the definition "powerful elegance" a new meaning: rear lights, air cooling vents, bumper and diffuser are arranged in precise positions on the car's exterior, which make the LP560-4 appear extremely wide and bonded to the road surface. In addition, the streamlined covers left and right of the engine hood accentuate the powerful shoulders and lengthened, stretched lines of the new Gallardo.

Clearly improved aerodynamics

The rear diffuser has been newly designed, is more efficient with respect to its predecessor and, together with the smooth underbody, contributes to the excellent steering stability even at extremely high speeds. In sum, the aerodynamic efficiency with regard to output compared to that of its predecessor has been increased by 31 %. The Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 takes fast curves even more supremely.

The designers in Sant'Agata Bolognese have excelled themselves with the clear-cut, pure, stark lines of the Gallardo LP 560-4. They also have demonstrated distinct attention to detail; the elaborate aluminium cap for petrol and motor oil are testimony to this, as is the rear camera which has been integrated in a small fin in the independent rear spoiler as well as the finely-crafted grille in the exhaust pipes.

The body

Weight is undesirable in a sports car and a lightweight model encourages the dynamics of such a vehicle. Aluminium is much lighter than sheet steel and this is why the Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 is produced with a body in a much lighter but nevertheless more stiff structure: the two-seater car measures 4.34 metres in length, 1.90 metres in width and a mere 1.16 metres in height. It weighs in dry at 1410 kilograms - which is, effectively, 20 kilograms less that that of the previous Gallardo.

The construction of the Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 utilises what is known as a 'spaceframe construction method'. Integrally moulded node elements and extruded parts create its frame, and sheet metal plates made out of aluminium have been neatly and securely integrated to form the body. The body is not only extremely light but also torsionally stiff and displays the highest safety characteristics. Thus the basis for the extraordinary handling characteristics of the LP560-4 is formed.

Integrated Pedestrian Protection system

The body of the car also demonstrates extremely high levels of 'passive security'. The Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 fulfils the not yet obligatory European directives regarding the protection of pedestrians. Furthermore, the geometry of the entire front of the car has been optimised with the addition of a special combination of materials behind the front bumper which serve to absorb any impact energy.

The Interior - Luxurious individuality

Despite its low exterior height, the Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 welcomes its passengers with a spacious interior. The sports seats are covered with either fine leather or Alcantara® (upon request) and provide secure adherence and support. The position of the seats is very low, typical for sportscars. There is space behind the seats for luggage which complements the 110 litre front trunk.

The wide middle console is one of the elements which characterizes the impression of sporty dynamism in the interior. It accommodates the standard Lamborghini multimedia system as well as the air conditioning which can be regulated on both the driver's and passenger's sides. Between both of these elements lies a newly designed module consisting of classically elegant flip switches. Seven round instruments in the cockpit with a new graphic provide the driver with essential engine data and a multifunctional display between the speedometer and revolution counter provides the driver with important information.

Workmanship of the highest quality

The Miura and the other models of the 60s were already characterized by the excellent quality of workmanship which lay far and above the general standards of that time. Lamborghini has continued this tradition and even today delivers automobiles of the highest standards. The Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 indulges with the highest quality, aesthetically pleasing materials. With regard to the leather interior, an array of different colours and stitching (also in contrasting colours) are available. As an optional, Lamborghini can deliver the Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 with a further choice of leather and Alcantara® interiors as well as Carbon Fibre Packages. Here, elements such as the air-conditioning surrounds, the control panel, the handbrake handle and the gear-stick surrounds are available in carbon fibre.

Furthermore, the individualisation program, Ad Personam, enables the customer to create any combination of colour and trim, thus creating a highly personalised vehicle. After all, the new Lamborghini should perfectly reflect the owner's lifestyle.

The Engine - Extreme power in every situation

The engine of the Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 is a completely new development. All that remains of the original V10 is the number of cylinders which, in this performance category, create a perfect and unique synthesis of torque, force of movement, sporty nimbleness, compact size and low weight.

The engine has a 5204 cm3 volumetric displacement which, with 8.000 rpm creates the extreme 560 PS (412 kW). This results in the excellent performance per litre of 107.6 PS/lt. At maximum torque output, the engine yields 540 Newtonmeter at 6.500 rpm. The ample torque curve guarantees outstanding thrust from every engine speed. With an acceleration of 3.7 seconds from 0-100 km/h and a maximum speed of 325 km/h, the Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 shoots into the orbit of the most extreme and powerful sports cars.

Despite the clearly improved driving performance of this super sports car, Sant'Agata's engineers were nevertheless able to achieve a reduction in fuel consumption and CO2emissions by 18 per cent. Measured by engine power and performance, the Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 e-gear's average fuel consumption of 13.7 litres per 100 kilometers, is extremely low.

Perfect weight distribution, class-leading dynamics

The engine in this new model lies lengthways in front of the rear axle - hence the model description Longitudinale Posteriore. The concept of the mid - rear engine is unbeatable in sports car production, with the centre of gravity being displaced next to the vertical axis, thus creating the car's exceptional dynamics. Furthermore, it creates the basis for the Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4's perfect weight distribution with 43 per cent on the front axle and 57 per cent on the rear. In combination with the permanent four-wheel drive transmission, superior driving stability and road adherence are guaranteed in all situations.

Reduced weight for inspirational torque

The crank case of the new ten cylinder of Lamborghini Gallardo is produced with an aluminium alloy. Separate cylinder liners are not necessary with this technology: instead, the liners, due to their exposure to the hard silicone crystals during the production phase, are bored directly out of the material. The connecting rods are made out of wrought steel and the pistons are produced from an aluminium alloy. The consequent reduction in weight, inertia and in friction losses contributes to the car's inspirational torque.

The engine is unusually wide for a V10, with a cylinder angle of 90 degrees. A definite advantage of this construction is the low centre of gravity. The reduction of the gravity centre height comes also from the dry sump layout of the lubrication system which also guarantees the reliability of the oil supply even during lateral acceleration and on the race-track.

Direct fuel injection improves efficient combustion

The new V10 uses the direct fuel-injection system "Iniezione Diretta Stratificata" as an innovative way to optimize performance results in part-load conditions. Here, the fuel is injected directly into the combustion chamber through the laterally positioned injector. Combined with the use of a 'tumble flap' in the intake manifold runners, this solution guarantees an optimized distribution of the gasoline in the combustion chamber (higher gasoline density around the spark plug, leaner mixture close to piston and cylinder liners) and delivers the basis for a highly efficient combustion system even with stoichiometric mean mixture composition. The direct injection boosts the extremely efficient 'full load' performance of the V10, reduces its knock sensitivity and thus enables the very high compression ratio of 12.5:1. The cylinder heads have been optimised to deliver a very quick gas exchange and the variable valve control system on all four camshafts improves the charge efficiency across the entire engine speed range.

Transmission - Superior control four-wheel drive

Such extreme power must be brought onto the streets with extreme reliability. The driver of a Gallardo LP560-4 can thus rely on the four-wheel drive Viscous Traction (VT) system, with the '4' in the model name a reminder of this. Lamborghini already introduced this system with the Diablo VT in 1993 - and for good reason: four actuated wheels achieve more grip than two and permit acceleration earlier in the curve exit.

The protagonist in the transmission is the central viscous-coupling which requires no electronic control. In this special Lamborghini configuration, the driving torque is distributed between front and rear - generally with a 30:70 front to rear ratio and, within milliseconds, adapts to even the slightest variations in road conditions. A mechanical differential on the rear axle provides up to 45% limited slip and an electronic differential lock at the front complete the four-wheel drive system.

Superior traction and handling

Not only does the maximum traction take advantage of the permanent four-wheel drive system, but also the car's clearly superior handling. Each wheel can only transfer a certain amount of torque to the road. As the propulsion power is distributed onto all four wheels through the viscous traction system, more potential for directional control remains - and reserves in every situation distinguish a perfectly made sports car.

Despite all the engine thrust, changing gears in the Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 is one of the most exciting experiences of driving this vehicle. It is still the customer's personal preference as to whether he wishes to change gears manually through the exact 'gate' guides of the six-speed gearbox via the short gear stick, or whether he prefers to let his fingertips control the e.gear's paddle-shift system located behind the steering wheel: the latter solution becoming the preference of the majority of Lamborghini customers.

Gear change time reduced by 40 per cent

The automated e-gear transmission has been completely redesigned and improved in all aspects. The complete system has not only been reduced in weight, but the time employed to change gears has also been reduced by 40 per cent in "CORSA" mode. The driver may choose between five different driving and changing programs: in addition to the 'normal' mode, the Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 offers a SPORT programm with its even more rapid gear changing times and increased number of revolutions.

The CORSA program directs the engine to optimum acceleration. It permits a greater slip angle and also allows - with maximum safety - the full dynamism of the LP560-4 to be enjoyed even on a race-track. The 'Thrust Mode' ensures maximum acceleration from neutral while the angle of the throttle valve and the clutch are here optimally adjusted to one another. Finally the Automatic mode: here the engine changes gear in total independence and permits a particularly comfortable mode of driving.

The Suspension - High-tech parts with Lamborghini know-how

Even the Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4's predecessor was one of the world's best super sports cars with regard to handling, precision and driving stability. However, the latest model provides an even more intense driving experience: the new suspension improves the car's handling, its driving comfort and its directional stability at high speeds.

The Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4's space frame is uncompromisingly high tech. Its technical production was conceived from motor sport technologies. The double wishbones made out of aluminium with newly designed kinematics, while the springs and shock absorbers are tightly adjusted for grip.

The rear axle now has an additional track rod which further improves the excellent control of this super sports vehicle. Newly developed elements are the rubber-metal bearings - authentic high-tech parts - which clearly improve the special Lamborghini driving dynamics with well-chosen material combinations and cleverly defined assembly.

Extreme road adherence

The steering rack works with relatively little assisted steering support, thus bonding the driver closely to the road. This in turn provides him with an intense experience of power and impulse. The steering has its own cooling system for the power steering fluid.

Precise, breathtakingly fast, whilst stable and free from surprises, the Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4's dynamics assures a sensuous experience. The LP560-4's tyres (format 235/35 ZR 19 front and 295/30 ZR 19 rear) appear to bond with the asphalt. Specially developed Pirelli P-Zero series tyres are fitted: these have a particularly low roll resistance which also maintains tyre wear at a minimum without, of course, any reduction in their performance quality. At a speed of over 120 km/h an independently extended rear spoiler increases the downforce on the rear axle It acts in association with the specially formed underbody which directs the airstream under the car.

Optional Carbon Ceramic Brake system

The new braking system acts with brute force. At the front, eight 'Brembo specialist' cylinder callipers grasp the 365 mm diameter brake discs. At the rear, four cylinder callipers act on the 356 mm brake discs. In addition, the new disc ventilation system improves the stability in extreme situations. Optionally, discs made out of Carbon Ceramic are offered. At the front the CCB (Carbon Ceramic Brakes) discs measure 380mm in diameter and at the rear 356mm. They deliver much improved performance at a reduced weight. In total, the CCB braking system is lighter in weight that, at the wheel, improves driving dynamics and comfort.

The interior and trim

With the Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 Lamborghini provides its customers with a generous and sporty standard equipment package. Direct from the production line, a customer will find included in his vehicle passenger and lateral air-bags; a two-zone air-conditioning system with sun regulation; The Lamborghini Multimedia System including an USB connector; and sports seats with an electronically operated backrest. In addition to this, the interior trim includes fine leather and Bi-Xenon headlights with LED daytime running light. The car is supplied with new Apollo wheels as standard.

A large variety of options increases the interior comfort of the vehicle, including a navigation system and a module for TV reception, a hands-free Bluetooth® phone set, an anti-theft device and a rearview camera. A further option is the lifting system control of the front of the vehicle which, at the touch of a button, is raised to enable driving over obstacles. The new polished cross wheel rims 'Cordelia' or the black Y-rims 'Callisto' complete the options range. Finally, the engine hood made from glass creates a showcase for the heart of the Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4..

The possibilities and different combinations available in the Individualisation Program Ad Personam are almost inexhaustible. Behind this program stands the philosophy that a super sports car of this nature should, after all, reflect the personality of its owner by enabling him to completely indulge his expectations and wishes. As a consequence, extreme exclusivity is the trademark of Lamborghini's individualisation program. "Think the Impossible" states the motto. Ad Personam offers a host of options in order that a customer may give the car an imprint of his own style with respect to the interior trim and exterior. A new highlight in the program are the following three exclusive matt colours: Nero Nemesis (matt black), Bianco Canopus (matt white), Marrone Apus (matt brown). The new matt colours underline the clearly defined and purist precision of the Lamborghini design.

Technical data

• Type: 10 cylindres V90°, DOHC 4 valves,common-pin crankshaft
• Displacement: 5204 cc
• Compression ratio: 12,5 : 1
• Maximum power: 412 kW (560 ps) at 8000 rpm
• Maximum torque: 540 Nm 6500 rpm

Performance

• Top speed: 325 km/h
• Acceleration (0-100 km/h): 3,7 sec.
• Acceleration (0-200 km/h): 11,8 sec.

Dimensions

• Wheelbase: 2560 mm
• Overall legth: 4345 mm
• Overall width: 1900 mm
• Overall height: 1165 mm

Fuel Consumption with E-Gear

• Urban: 21 L/100 km
• Extra urban: 10 L/100 km
• Combined: 14 L/100 km
• Emission: Euro 4
• CO2: 327 g/km

Fuel Consumption with manual trasmission

• Urban: 22 L/100 km
• Extra urban: 10 L/100 km
• Combined: 14,7 L/100 km
• Emission: Euro 4
• CO2: 351 g/km

Ferrari California (2009)

The first official photographs have been published of the Ferrari California, the latest addition to the new generation of Ferraris launched in 2004 with the 612 Scaglietti and added to more recently with the 430 Scuderia.

The Ferrari California joins the Prancing Horse's 8-cylinder family which has always been defined by power and performance. It also flanks the flagship 612 Scaglietti in the prestige sporty Grand Tourer segment.

The new Ferrari California will satisfy even the most demanding of owners in term of its superb vehicle dynamics and driving pleasure. The new model will be available exclusively as a convertible with a folding hard top. Both chassis and bodywork are aluminium, in line with the rest of the current range. The California will be powered by a new V8 engine mounted for the first time in the marque's history in the mid-front position.

In line with Ferrari tradition, the new model also features several innovations. Apart from its folding hard top, these include the original 2+ concept which guarantees exceptional versatility of use in the rear of the car. The California's 4,300 cc V8 engine features direct fuel injection and a "flat" crankshaft. It generates 460 CV at 7,500 rpm with a torque curve that enhances vehicle dynamics and provides maximum driving pleasure which is typical for Ferrari.

As per the traditional Ferrari transaxle layout, the engine, which allows the Ferrari California to sprint from 0 to 100 km/h in less than 4.0 seconds, will be coupled to a 7-speed dual clutch transmission that boosts the car's performance while enhancing the driving pleasure, improves ride comfort and reduces fuel consumption and emissions (c.310 g/km CO2). The comfort is further enhanced by a new multilink rear suspension system. The Ferrari California is also equipped with the exclusive F1-Trac traction control system which made its debut on the 599 GTB Fiorano and has been further honed to suit the typical driving conditions expected for this new GT. Brembo brakes featuring carbon-ceramic material discs as standard guarantee superbly efficient braking.

In addition to sporting the marque's classic styling cues, the cabin has also been beautifully trimmed using quality materials by Ferrari's own skilled artisans. New accessories and equipment, such as the seats, steering wheel, instrument panel and infotainment system, together with optimised aerodynamics ensure that this is a highly ergonomic and enjoyable car to drive regardless of whether the top is up or down.

The Ferrari California is aimed at owners who desire a car which embodies everything the Prancing Horse represents in terms of sporty design and innovation, but also seek a car with greater versatility than ever. The car will be officially unveiled to the public at the Paris International Car Show. However, over the coming weeks, new photographs and further details about it will also be published.

1961 Ferrari 250 GT SWB California Spider

The most beautiful Ferrari ever.

This Ferrari 250 GT California Spider features a 3-litre V12 engine producing 280bhp, and is the 13th model of 56.

The car was completed in 1961, and in 1964, found itself in the hands of second owner and Hollywood star James Coburn, who lived in California and had recently finished filming 1963’s The Great Escape.

Tesla

The History of Tesla

How It Works
The Tesla Roadster powertrain consists of four main parts: the battery pack (which we call Energy Storage System or ESS), motor, transmission, and the PEM (Power Electronics Module), none of which are 'off-the-shelf' components. Rather, each includes innovations, both small and large, to support our mission of a high-performance car that's gentle on the environment. Together, these four components form one of the most instrumented cars ever made.

Energy Storage System (ESS)
When you set out to build a high-performance electric car, the biggest challenge is obvious from the start: the battery. Its complexities are clear: it's heavy, expensive, and offers limited power and range. Yet it has one quality that eclipses these disadvantages, and motivates you to keep working tirelessly: it's clean.

The Tesla Roadster's 'fuel tank' weighs in at about 1,000 pounds and delivers four to five times the energy-density stores of other batteries. Safe, light, durable, and recyclable, it represents the biggest innovation in the Tesla Roadster and is one of the largest and most advanced lithium-ion battery packs in the world. Why this matters to you, the driver, is that it frees you to drive farther than ever before in an EV, while enjoying the power of world-class performance. The design ensures optimum operating conditions which maximize the life of the cells, while offering high levels of safety.

The architecture provides excellent redundancy and tolerance against cell-to-cell manufacturing variations. The system uses commodity lithium ion cells which, thanks to high demand by the consumer electronics industry, has spurred development that drives costs down and performance up. Finally, recharge time is impressively quick, enabled by an onboard, high-power charging system.

The system addresses thermal balancing with a liquid cooling circuit. Multiple passive and active safety devices ensure safe operation over the wide range of driving environments and scenarios. An array of sensors and a dozen microcontrollers communicate with the vehicle to allow efficient use and management of the battery pack. Finally, the entire assembly is housed in a rugged enclosure, which protects the system from the harsh road environment while supporting the internal components.

The ESS changes the very personality of electric cars — making the Tesla Roadster the first car that delivers the power of a sports car, the driving range of a gasoline-powered car, and the greenness of a bicycle.

Motor
The motor for a high-performance electric car requires a device that is simultaneously light, compact, and high in efficiency. The Tesla Roadster EV motor is just that. We accomplish this by starting with a well-optimized electromagnetic design and then using the lowest loss conductors and the highest quality magnetic steel possible.

The power of the motor is not only limited by how much power you put into it, but also by how fast it can be cooled, how hot it can operate, and how efficiently it runs. We addressed each of these in innovative ways. Our motor can operate continuously around 120°C, thanks to the array of air-cooling fins on our aluminum housing.

Without proper efficiency, our motor would convert electrical energy into heat instead of rotational energy. That's why we constructed it with specially designed, high-quality lamination steel that has very low eddy current losses, particularly at high rpm. The rotor is made with a proprietary process that produces a low resistance 'squirrel cage' with large end rings using oxygen free copper. This allows the rotor to develop high current flows, and torque, with low resistance losses. The use of a small air gap allows tight inductive coupling which, combined with low loss magnetic materials, enables the development of high torque at high rpm. Together, these factors allow us to induce large currents, even at high rpm, producing much flatter power and efficiency curves from approximately 2,000 rpm to 12,000 rpm.

The sum of all these features is a single motor with efficiencies of 85 to 95 percent, power output of up to 185 kW, and a small footprint that measures just 250 mm (diameter) by 350 mm (length).

Transmission
Inside the box, our transmission couples the simplicity and efficiency of a manual with the smarts and sophistication of an automatic. The Tesla Roadster has only two forward gears and either one will work for most of your driving. Unlike a manual transmission, the car will not stall if you have it in the wrong gear. Plus it puts you in control of the shifting to fine-tune your driving experience or to achieve the upper limits of acceleration and top speed. And because there is no clutch, you can quickly and easily start from a stop or shift gears on the freeway.

Power Electronics Module (PEM)
You'll see this very important part of the car every time you pop the trunk. It controls over 200 kW of electrical power during peak acceleration, enough power to illuminate 2,000 incandescent lightbulbs (or 10,000 compact fluorescents). The PEM performs several critical functions in the Tesla Roadster, including motor torque control, regenerative braking control, and charging.

When you shift gears or accelerate in the Tesla Roadster, the PEM translates your commands into precisely timed voltages that tell the propulsion motor to respond with the proper speed and direction of rotation.

Circuits within the PEM monitor temperatures, voltages, and currents for maximum or minimum limits by using a combination of hardware- and firmware-settable values. These circuits prevent damage to the PEM, ESS, or motor when a variance from nominal operating conditions is detected.

During normal operation, the PEM monitors things like the voltage delivered by the ESS, the speed of rotation of the propulsion motor, and temperatures of the motor and power electronics. Should you like to know these things yourself, simply glance at the on-board Vehicle Display System.

Efficiency & Performance
Efficiency. Performance. Pick Two.
Gone are the days when sports cars demanded a choice between efficiency and performance. Now it's no longer a zero-sum game. Instead, you get peak performance at every moment, with little mileage penalty.

Instant Freedom
The first time you drive the Tesla Roadster, prepare to be surprised. You're at freeway speed in seconds without even thinking about it. There's no clutch to contend with and no race-car driving techniques to perform. Just the touch of your foot and you're off, without any of the sluggishness of an automatic.

How powerful is the acceleration? A quick story to illustrate. A favorite trick here at Tesla Motors is to invite a passenger along and ask him to turn on the radio. At the precise moment we ask, we accelerate. Our passenger simply can't sit forward enough to reach the dials. But who needs music when you're experiencing such a symphony of motion.

Rest assured that this responsiveness works at all speeds, as noticeable when you're inching your way through parking lots as when flying along freeways.

100% Torque, 100% of the Time
The Tesla Roadster delivers full availability of performance every moment you are in the car, even while at a stoplight. Its peak torque begins at zero rpm and stays powerful beyond 13,000 rpm.

This is the precise opposite of what you experience with a gasoline engine, which has very little torque at a low rpm and only reaches peak torque in a narrow rpm range. This forces you to make frequent gear changes to maintain optimal torque. With the Tesla Roadster, you get great acceleration and the highest energy efficiency at the same time. All while requiring no special driving skills to enjoy it. This makes the Tesla Roadster six times as efficient as the best sports cars while producing one-tenth of the pollution.Source - Tesla

The first performance electric car manufactured by Tesla Motors, the high-performance, zero-emissions Tesla Roadster, was unveiled before a throng of well-wishers, car buffs, and potential customers Wednesday evening during Tesla's 'Signature One Hundred' event at Barker Hangar.

More than 350 invited guests spent the evening learning about the new sports car, speaking with Tesla Motors executives, and going for rides along the tarmac at the Santa Monica Airport, adjacent to the event. Many signed up to be among the first to take delivery of the Tesla Roadster, becoming Signature One Hundred Members.

Celebrities in attendance included actor Ed Begley Jr., producer Richard Donner, businessman Michael Eisner, PayPal founder (and Tesla Motors Chairman) Elon Musk, Participant Productions' Founder and CEO Jeff Skoll, also of eBay fame, and producer and car collector Joel Silver. California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger stopped by prior to the evening's activities to learn more about Tesla Motors and the Roadster.

'We're thrilled to have the support of top people from so many different industries,' said Martin Eberhard, CEO of Tesla Motors. 'High-tech, CleanTech, entertainment, automotive, you name it. It's gratifying to have others realize the significance or what Tesla Motors is doing.'

The electric-powered Tesla Roadster boasts a top speed of more than 130 mph and a range of 250 miles on a single charge, a combination heretofore unseen in a mass-produced electric vehicle. Its extended range is due to its state-of-the-art lithium-ion Energy Storage System. The Tesla Roadster is capable of accelerating from 0-60 mph in about four seconds.

'The Tesla Roadster delivers sports car performance without using any gasoline,' said Eberhard. 'This is what we hoped to achieve when we started the company three years ago, to build a car with zero emissions that people would love to drive.'

Using a unique two-speed manual transmission, the Tesla Roadster's power comes from a 3-phase, 4-pole AC induction motor coupled with the Power Electronics Module (PEM) which provides multiple functionality of inverting direct current to 3-phase alternating current, the charging system, and the regenerative braking system.

The Roadster's Energy Storage System (ESS) provides power to the entire vehicle, including the motor. Its durable, tamper-resistant enclosure includes: 6,831 lithium-ion cells; a network of microprocessors for maintaining charge balance and temperature among the batteries; a cooling system; and an independent safety system designed to disconnect power outside the enclosure under a variety of detectable safety situations.

The Tesla Roadster comes complete with its Electric Vehicle Service Equipment (EVSE), a home-based charging system. An optional mobile charging kit, for re-charging while away from the EVSE, also features this automatic disconnect system. Charging the Tesla Roadster takes approximately 3.5 hours.

The Tesla Roadster is capable of driving up to 250 miles (EPA Highway) on a single charge, a range roughly triple that of previous mass-produced electric vehicles, like General Motors' EV1.

'It didn't make sense to sell a car that couldn't go 90 miles on a charge. You'd spend more time charging the old EVs than driving them,' said Eberhard. 'Lithium-ion technology, which has been proven in many different applications, has allowed us to achieve exactly what we thought it would in terms of power, range and efficiency.'

The body design of the Tesla Roadster, which included a collaborative effort by the company's employees, has been headed by Barney Hatt, Principal Designer at the Lotus Design Studio in England. The result is a sleek, stylish sports car that will appeal to enthusiasts and environmentalists the world over.

Tesla designers and engineers have gone to great lengths to ensure that not only is the Tesla Roadster safe to drive, but also when charging the performance electric car, at home or on the road. Their goal is to not only meet, but to surpass the rigorous standards of the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, or FMVSS, as implemented by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).

Tesla co-founders Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning, who serves as Vice President, Engineering, have brought together a team of automotive industry veterans plus Silicon Valley electronics and Internet engineers to bring the Tesla Roadster to life.

Research and Development for Tesla Motors is based at the Corporate Headquarters in San Carlos, Calif. Engines are manufactured at Tesla's facility in Taiwan, and assembly takes place at Tesla's plant in England.

Eberhard and Tarpenning provided the early funding for the company, and were joined in 2003 by Musk, CEO of SpaceX, who is the major investor in the company and serves as Chairman of Tesla Motors.

Musk worked with Eberhard and Tarpenning to attract more investors and approach Venture Capital firms, and in June 2006, Tesla Motors announced that the company had secured and additional $40 million in financing led by Musk and VantagePoint Venture Partners, one of the largest CleanTech investors in the Silicon Valley.

Deliveries of the Tesla Roadster are expected to begin next summer.

About Tesla Motors

Tesla Motors was founded in July 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning to create efficient electric cars for people who love to drive. The Chairman of Tesla Motors, a privately held company, is Elon Musk, who has lead or co-led all three rounds of investment resulting in $60 million in funding. Mr. Musk has been instrumental in both corporate and product development at Tesla Motors.

The company currently employs 70 people, including teams in California, the U.K. and Taiwan. The background and experience of Tesla's employees mirrors the vehicle itself, drawing from diverse expertise in the electronics, automotive and Internet industries.

Tesla Motors creates vehicles that conform to all U.S. safety, environmental and durability standards. Tesla's cars include modern safety equipment such as airbags, front crumple zones, side impact protection, and 2½ mph bumpers. Tesla will sell cars in the U.S. only when they pass the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS).Source - Tesla

Sterling

History and origins of the Nova/Sterling

The Sterling was originally created in England in 1971 as the Nova component car before being introduced in America renamed as the Sterling. It was sold in Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand with an estimated 5,000 sold in Europe. The Nova/Sterling is also the only kit car to grace the cover of Car and Driver magazine. It also was featured in Road and Track magazine when it was first introduced.

The original developer of the Sterling/Nova was Richard Oakes a sculptor and Phil Sayers an engineer. They set out to design a desirable sports car to sell at a reasonable price. The Sterling/Nova was so successful in the first year of production in the UK they could not keep up with the orders. Advertisements and articles in major magazines drove inquiries up to 800 a week. It was introduced at the Sydney International Auto show with great success. It was quickly licensed to companies in several other countries. The car was produced in Australia, New Zealand, France, Italy, Switzerland, Australia, South Africa, and the United States. It was renamed in each country. The component cars were produced with Volkswagen chassis, race chassis, and rally suspensions based on the customers special expectations for use on or off the track. I'm told that it is still being raced today in other countries. Currently there are several web sites devoted to these cars and their history. A newly formed club in the United States is devoted to bringing Sterling owners together. It has been an invaluable resource for everyone involved giving us more insight into this admired car. This is only a quick overview about the Nova/Sterling; please click on links at our home page for more great sites for reference.

Smart

The History Of Smart

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Smart

Smart (short for Swatch Mercedes ART, sometimes called the MCC Smart) is a brand of microcar based in Böblingen (Germany). The original Smart was a very small two-seater, but a coupé convertible and hatchback have been added, extending the brand into a true marque, part of DaimlerChrysler as Micro Compact Car GmbH. The company name was changed to Smart GmbH in September 2002.

History

The Smart Fortwo is manufactured at Smartville, a purpose-built factory complex in Hambach, Lorraine, France, established in 1994 as a joint-venture of Daimler-Benz and the Swiss watch manufacturer Swatch.

The project was originally supported by Swatch, and was nicknamed the "Swatchmobile". The car was supposed to use innovative features (such as a hybrid engine) and to be an affordable car for young people. Its purpose was to "transport two people and a case of beer" (later replaced by a case of water).

Being inexperienced in automobiles, Swatch CEO Nicolas Hayek sought an established car maker to produce his Swatch car, and found a partner in Volkswagen. Plans never reached a final stage so Swatch teamed up with Daimler-Benz. The car proved to be far from expectations: technology was conventional and it was more expensive than most small 4-seater cars sold in Europe. The joint venture experienced heavy losses and Swatch pulled out.

In 2005, DaimlerChrysler decided against purchasing a 50% share in the NedCar plant used to manufacture the Forfour. DC also halted development on the Formore and decided to discontinue production of the Smart roadster.

Fortwo

The Fortwo' is the original Smart model that was launched in 1998 as City Coupe. The name Fortwo was introduced when Smart began to produce new models. The car is intended primarily for urban use, is one of the lightest cars in the European market with a weight of 730kg due to its reinforced steel shell with plastic body panels and by normal standards is considered particularly fuel efficient, averaging 4.7L/100 km (50mpg) for the gasoline model and 3.4L/100 km (69mpg) for the Diesel. The Smart Fortwo's length of only 2.500m means that the vehicle may be parked back-in in parallel parking zones. The Fortwo is available with a convertible version (originally City Cabrio, now Fortwo Cabrio), introduced in 2000, and was restyled in 2002. Curiously, the Smart Fortwo has its engine positioned at the rear of the vehicle.

The engine range is composed of only turbocharged three cylinder motors. Originally, the base petrol engine had 600cc, but displacement was increased to 700cc along with the restyling. It's available in 37kW (50PS) or 45kW (61PS) variants. The turbodiesel engine has 800cc displacement with 30kW (41PS). All Smart Fortwo versions have a choice of two different six-speed sequential gearboxes. The car does not have a clutch pedal and uses an electronically controlled clutch instead of a torque converter like an automatic, but the gearbox has to be operated manually to change gears (a computer controlled automatic shifter is also offered).

The car is popular in Europe and Japan. There is a Japan-only variant called the Smart K which is the only non-Japanese car that fulfills the regulations for Keicars. On 26 June 2002, Smart Fortwo was exhibited at the new Museum of Modern Art in Queens, New York for the first time. It is the only model still in production today. Although one of the cars is an exhibit at the (MoMA), the car is not available in the USA. The turbodiesel variant was introduced in Canada as a 2005 model in September 2004 and as of June 2005 Vancouver customers had a six month wait for delivery. These have proven popular in major Canadian cities as light commercial vehicles carrying extensive graphics promoting the owner's business.

Electric vehicle manufacturer Zap plans to import Smart Fortwos from a German dealer and modify them for sale in the United States in 2005.

In September, 2005, Smart President Ulrich Walker announced that a decision on entry of the Smart into the US market would be made before the end of 2005.

Crossblade

In 2002, Smart introduced a limited edition variant of the City Cabrio, called the Crossblade. It was a roadster version without a roof or conventional doors, weighing 740kg, and powered by a Brabus-tuned engine, developing 52kW (71PS) from its 600cc engine. After Robbie Williams purchased Crossblade number 001, Smart began a marketing association with the British singer, using Williams to promote the brand.

Crosstown

The Crosstown is a prototype based on the Fortwo and presented at IAA Frankfurt in 2005. It is a convertible with a foldable windshield.

Forfour

The Forfour was introduced in 2004. Unlike its little "brother", this is a more conventional car, a real hatchback supermini with a roomy interior, and four- or five-seater configuration.

The car is produced at the NedCar factory in the Netherlands in conjunction with Mitsubishi Motors. This is the same factory that produced Volvo 340 cars in 1970s and 1980s. To save production costs, the Smart Forfour shares most of its components with the 2003 Mitsubishi Colt, including chassis, suspensions and a new generation of MIVEC petrol engines, three- and four-cylinder, ranging from 1.1 to 1.5L with power up to 80kW (109PS). The 1.5L cdi diesel engine, on the contrary, is a three-cylinder Mercedes-Benz engine derived from the four-cylinder of the Mercedes-Benz A-Class.

A Brabus-prepared sports version is available since 2005. It is powered by a turbocharged Mitsubishi 4G15 engine, developing 130kW (177PS), 27PS more than its "brother", the Mitsubishi Colt CZT. It can reach a maximum speed of 221km/h and accelerate up to 100Km/h in 6.9 seconds.

Formore

The larger Formore was to be released worldwide (including the United States) in 2006. It was a small all wheel drive SUV, riding on the same platform as the Mercedes-Benz C-Class. The architecture would be shared with the Mercedes-Benz MLK-Class, a proposed SUV that would be smaller than the M-Class. Power would have ranged from a 1.8L straight-4 to a 3.0L V6, including Diesel versions. Production was to have been carried out at DaimlerChrysler's factory in Juiz de Fora, Brazil, rather than the French Smartville factory.

The Formore was to be Smart's first official entry in the United States market. However, DaimlerChrysler is considering a limited entry into the market, with just the Fortwo, essentially in urban areas. Development of the Formore has been halted since April 2005, due to DaimlerChrysler's monetary concerns (the Smart brand had yet to make a profit after eight years in operation, and the Formore was costing more money to develop than anticipated).

Roadster and roadster-coupé

The Smart roadster and roadster-coupé were introduced in 2003, based on a stretched platform of the Fortwo (full length is 3427mm). The two variants are meant to be reminiscent of the British roadster of yore, such as the Triumph Spitfire or the MG B. The roadster is powered by 45 or 60kW (61 or 82PS) versions of the turbocharged straight-3. The roadster-coupé used only the more powerful engine, although they are both available in Brabus-prepared versions with power increased to 74kW (101PS). The roadster-coupé's name is actually a misnomer, as the car possesses a targa top. With weight as low as 790kg, because of low weight it is meant to provide the emotion of driving a sports car at an affordable cost. Still, the roadster's price is not very far from that of a Fiat Barchetta or Mazda MX-5.

In 2003, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Solituderennen, Smart created a prototype version of the roadster-coupé with two merged straight-3 engines. The twin turbo 1.4L V6 powerplant had a maximum power of 125kW (170PS) for a weight of only 840kg, and Smart claimed the car could accelerate to 100Km/h in only six seconds, comparable to a much larger Porsche Boxster. Eight cars were built, but not available for sale.

Unfortunately, sales figures for the roadster and roadster-coupé have been far under the projected number and, with Smart's uncertain future, it was decided to halt production of both models at the end of 2005. The final Smart roadster ran off the production line on November 4, 2005.

Project Kimber and the "MG" Smart roadster

Project Kimber is an acquisition group, run by David James, that was founded to buy the assets of the MG Rover group.

In 2006, it was reported that David James had entered talks with MG Rover's new owners the Nanjing Automobile Group to buy the MG brand in order to produce a number of sports cars based on the Smart roadster design

On Friday February 17, 2006, The Times newspaper reported that Mr James was in discussions with DaimlerChrysler to buy the roadster's design, technology and equipment for approximately £13 million. The equipment would be then transfered from the Smart factory to a former Dunlop tyre factory in Coventry where the roadster would be built under the MG brand.

It is understood that Project Kimber is being funded by Grant Gazdig's Access Capital firm, as well as a private equity firm called European American Securities.

Smart in North America

Canada

The Smart Fortwo was introduced in Canada in the 2004 calendar year and sold through Mercedes-Benz dealers. Only the turbo-diesel powerplant is offered as power for the coupe and convertible models because of emmission regulations for the gasoline engines set forth by Transport Canada. Demand has been heavy with up to six month waiting lists in major urban areas in the spring of 2005. The vehicle has been especially popular for light errand running for small shops and businesses, with many carrying custom paint jobs or stick-on graphics boldly advertising the associated product or service. As of March 2006, Smart Canada says that the government is still testing the Forfours for import to Canada.

United States

The Smart has not been officially sold in the U.S. by its manufacturer owing to a fear of possible market positioning confusion, Mercedes-Benz wishing to maintain an aura of high priced luxury that enables it to keep profit margins high. The Smart USA website claims that "Smart is planning for America". Autoweek has suggested September 2006 or 2007 as a possible introduction date for Smart in the USA.

It is theoretically possible for an individual to purchase a Smart as a used vehicle from Canada, although impractical for most people due to various state title and licensing issues. U.S. Federal regulations allow certain "grey market" importing in large quantities provided the vehicles are modified and tested to conform to U.S. safety regulations. Appropriate certifications for safety (DOT) and emissions (EPA) have been obtained by Zap Motors, who purchase the car from a direct importer, but are not an official distributor of Smart vehicles.

Scion

The History Of Scion

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Scion

This article is on the car division of Toyota. For others, see Scion (disambiguation).

Scion is a marque of vehicles produced by Toyota Motor Corporation founded in 2003. Scion's long-term goal is to appeal to Generation Y consumers, expected to dwarf the market size of Generation X by 2020.[citation needed] Scion grew from Toyota Project Genesis, a failed effort to bring younger buyers to the Toyota marque in the United States. Currently, all Scion vehicles are front-wheel drive hatchbacks.

History

Scion was unveiled at the New York Auto Show on March 27, 2002 with the more production-ready bbX concept, based on the Toyota bB, and the more conceptual ccX 3-door coupe. The 2004 xA and xB were unveiled at the Greater Los Angeles Auto Show on January 2, 2003. They were available only in 105 Toyota dealerships in California at their initial launch on June 6, 2003. The subsequent rollout of the brand to the South, the Southeast, and the East Coast occurred in February 2004. Scion vehicles were available nationwide in June 2004, coinciding with the release of the 2005 tC. On December 16, 2006, Scion unveiled the next-generation xB, based on the t2B concept, and the new xD, successor of the xA, at an invitation-only, no-camera event in Miami. Both cars were then publicly unveiled on February 8th, 2007 at the 2007 Chicago Auto Show.

Scion stems from Toyota's well publicized use of Value Innovation, a series of articles in Harvard Business Review later encapsulated in the book Blue Ocean Strategy. Key factors of Toyota's strategy canvas were never published but include "Price," "Factor Options," "Performance driving metrics," "Confidence in buying," "21st Century Radio."

Lineup

Scion currently has three models: tC, a 3-door liftback based on the European-marketed Toyota Avensis; the second-generation xB, a 5-door box-shaped compact wagon sold as the Toyota Corolla Rumion in the Japanese market; and the xD, a 5-door subcompact hatchback sold in Japan as the ist that takes the place of the 5-door Toyota Yaris.

Marketing

Scion uses sales tools such as "Pure Price," innovative Internet advertisements, and monospec trim levels with a wide selection of aftermarket accessories. Extensive market research and testing with Generation Y consumers formed the basis of the Scion badge.

"Pure Price" means that the price posted, whether on the vehicle, in an advertisement, or on a menu display board in the dealership, is the price customers will pay. This includes vehicles, accessories, finance and insurance products. Pure Price is designed to ensure a shorter and simpler process, eliminating all negotiation. The concept aims to be open and consistent to all customers. The concept is not new to the American market, having been introduced in the early 1990s by the Geo and Saturn marques of General Motors.

Scion's sales approach thus differs greatly from that of the larger Toyota entity. In the United States, for instance, the Toyota Camry offers several trim levels: the Camry grade CE "Classic Edition" (for budget-conscious drivers), LE "Luxury Edition" (popularly equipped), SE "Special Edition" (for sporty drivers), and XLE "Extra Luxury Edition" (for luxury-minded drivers). In contrast, all Scions have one standard trim level (monospec) and are designed to be uniquely customized for the driver.

Beginning in late spring 2004 with the launch of the 2004 Scion xB RS 1.0 (Release Series 1.0) Scion decided to create limited edition vehicles pre-packaged with exclusive accessories in limited quantities. Limited Edition vehicles from a marketing standpoint were used to create a buzz for the brandname, with their exterior colors tending to be loud or bright hues (i.e. orange, yellow, red, blue, green). Because of the growing popularity of the Scion productline and the scarce production runs (most dealers only get 2-3 of each RS model), these limited edition vehicles quickly sell out. Preordering is available at each dealership on a first-come, first-served basis. To the customer's benefit, Scion's "Pure Price" MSRP bounds dealerships against market-demand vehicle mark-up. Naturally, resale values of Release Series vehicles command a premium because of their packaged options and scarcity.

To market the Scion, Toyota began a new campaign for the Scion using a form of guerrilla marketing, using posters and ads in movie theaters and TV to direct consumers to the sites want2bsquare.org, want2bsquare.tv, and want2bsquare.info.

Scion's newest marketing endeavor involves their sponsorship of VBS.tv's show Thumbs Up!, which features David Choe hitchhiking across the United States. Scion has also teamed up with Gaia Online, providing the xB as a choice for user car, as well as other things across the site.

Scion is also currently running their own viral marketing website Scion bB, to promote other artists and events that they sponsor. Show's like Slick's Picks, go around the country interviewing artists, stores, events, and put short videos on the site.

Release Series Vehicles (Limited Edition)

2004

• xB RS 1.0 only available in Hot Lava Orange with 2100 units produced (504 units w/5spd, 1596 units w/automatic)
• xA RS 1.0 only available in Absolutely Red with 1550 units produced

2005

• xB RS 2.0 only available in Solar Yellow with 2500 units produced
• xA RS 2.0 only available in Spectra Blue Mica with 1700 units produced
• tC RS 1.0 only available in Absolutely Red with 2500 units produced

2006

• xB RS 3.0 only available in Envy Green with 2200 units produced
• xA RS 3.0 only available in Stingray Metallic light blue with 2500 units produced
• tC RS 2.0 only available in Blue Blitz Mica with 2600 units produced
• xB RS 4.0 only available in Maziora Torched Penny (polarized goldish brown) with 2500 units produced

2007

• tC RS 3.0 only available in Blizzard White with 2500 units produced

2008

• xB RS 5.0 only available in Gold Rush Mica with 2500 units produced
• tC RS 4.0 only available in Galactic Gray Mica with 2300 units produced
• xD RS 1.0 only available in Hot Lava Orange with 2000 units produced

Post-production accessories

Scion offers about 40 different accessories; other after-market companies offer to add other accessories, as well. For example, one can add a subwoofer as well as different types of decals. The tC now offers an optional supercharger to increase power from 161 to 200hp (120 to 150kW). All accessories are sold individually, and do not require special packages. However, some options, such as Ground Effects, do prevent other accessories (such as mud flaps) from being installed.

Target market

The median age of a Toyota consumer was, as of February 2007, 54 years old. Comparatively, Scion's average buyer age is the lowest in the industry, at 39 years old.

Scion's first two cars (the xA and xB), while unusual for American roads, have been well received among consumers not interested in standard entry-level vehicles. The tC was also well received with brisk sales.

Saturn

The History Of Saturn

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Saturn

General Motors launched its Saturn automobile manufacturing company in 1990, largely in response to the success of Japanese small-car imports in the United States. Saturn's headquarters and primary manufacturing facility are located in Spring Hill, Tennessee.

Saturn is known for its company-wide "no-haggle" sale policy. Saturn dealers (called "retailers" by the company) are encouraged to sell vehicles at list price. Customer satisfaction with dealer service is among the highest of any car brand in the U.S. The company also won praise for its environmentally-conscious manufacturing processes and for its innovations such as using flexible plastic side panels on its cars to avoid minor dents.

History

When it was launched, Saturn was a significant departure for GM. The company's products used a dedicated platform (the Z-body), a dedicated engine (the 1.9L Saturn I4 engine), and were made at a dedicated plant (in Spring Hill). In fact, the company's three car models (SL, SC, and SW) were all just a single car in three different body styles, and the company referred to all three as Saturns. All of the original Saturns featured dent-resistant plastic body panels which were also touted as allowing the company to change the look of the vehicles at will. However, in practice, the company kept the vehicles mostly unchanged for years.

The first real change came with the 2000 Saturn L-Series midsize car. It shared the GM Epsilon platform with the Opel Vectra, along with its engine, and was built at a GM factory in Wilmington, Delaware.

Today, the company shares GM's Delta and Theta automobile platforms, along with the company's Ecotec engine, and vehicles are built at many GM plants along with the Spring Hill factory. The Saturn VUE even uses a Honda engine, and the plastic body panels will be discontinued on most future vehicles.

In recent years, Saturn has been criticized for not keeping pace with the rest of the automotive industry, most recently for the low quality of the new ION series. Sales have been declining, and the ION production lines were halted for two weeks in 2003 to allow dealer inventory to reduce. The L-series line was canceled after production of the 2005 models.

Future

Saturn is currently in transition. General Motors has given Saturn a wealth of new products including the Sky roadster, Aura sedan, redesigned ION compact sedan/hatchback, redesigned VUE, and a large SUV built off of the GM Lambda platform. To save money, GM decided that Saturn and Opel will share numerous models that differ only slightly. For example, the redesigned VUE will be the same as the Opel Frontera, the Sky is the same as the new Opel Speedster, the next ION will be the same as the next Opel Astra, and the Aura is very similar to the Opel Vectra.

The Saturn brand will be repositioned in the upper-end of the family car market, stopping just south of entry-level luxury. Volkswagen is in the same market position that GM wants to take Saturn (only going as high as the Passat). Saturn faces a struggle in achieving a premium image. When GM showed the Aura to a focus group with no badge on it, participants gave it a rating of 5/5 in terms of desirability and style. When they discovered that they were looking at a Saturn, the average rating dropped to 2.5/5.

The company's independent manufacturing operations are in doubt, however. GM has begun moving Saturn production away from Spring Hill, and announced that that plant would be integrated with the company's regular plant mix, producing product for all GM brands. It is currently being retooled for larger cars, and the shop to produce Saturn's iconic plastic body panels is being dismantled as the company moves to conventional steel panels.

The company will soon offer two sub-lines of vehicles: "Redline" Saturns are performance-oriented, while "Greenline" cars will be more environmentally friendly. The VUE and ION Redline models, launched in 2004, will be joined by a Greenline VUE in 2007.

Saturn models

• Saturn S-series (1991 - 2003)
• Saturn L-series (1999 - 2005)
• Saturn ION (2003 - Current)
• Saturn VUE (2002 - Current)
• Saturn Aura (2007 - Current)
• Saturn Outlook (2007 - Current)
• Saturn Relay (2005 - Current)
• Saturn Sky (2006 - Current)
• Saturn Curve (2006 - Current)

Saleen

The History Of Saleen

1984	Saleen Autosport formed by racing driver Steve Saleen. The company introduces the first Saleen Mustang.
1986	Saleen Autosport enters Sports Car Club of America Showroom Stock series with a race prepared version of the Saleen Mustang, wins grueling 24 Hours of Mosport with sponsorship from General Tire.
1987	Three-car Saleen team wins driver, team, manufacturer and tire championships in SCCA Escort Endurance Championship with sponsorship from General Tire. Enters a General Tire backed, Ford Ranger-based, Saleen Sportruck in the SCCA Coors Race Truck Challenge, captures two wins.
1988	Saleen Mustangs finish 1-2-3 at 24 Hours of Mosport for the third consecutive win and gives Ford its first 1-2-3 finish since LeMans in the late '60s. Introduces Saleen Sportruck.
1989	Enters the PPG Indy Car World Series with a team backed by Montgomery Ward. Saleen Mustangs and Sportrucks continue their winning campaigns in SCCA Showroom Stock Competition with General Tire sponsorship.
1990	Enters Trans-Am series with a Saleen Mustang backed by General Tire. Saleen Performance Parts expanded and established as an independent operation.
1991	Wins SCCA Race Truck championship with five victories in six races which moves Steve into a tie for the most victories in the series, and provides Ford with the manufacturer's championship. Campaigns Trans-Am series with Saleen Scorcher Mustang and sponsorship from Champion Batteries, secures three top ten finishes.
1993	Saleen returns to SCCA Showroom Stock competition with a supercharged Saleen SC in the World Challenge series.
1994	Saleen introduces his most impressive product lineup to date including the 351 c.i.d. powered S351, the 480 horsepower Saleen SR.
1995	Saleen introduces the Speedster featuring a 351 cubic-inch, 371 hp Saleen engine with an optional supercharger that can boost output to 480 hp. Saleen, Inc. forms the Saleen/Allen "RRR" Speedlab with actor Tim Allen ("Home Improvement," "The Santa Clause"). The team sets new track records and won the final race of the SCCA World Challenge series.
1996	Saleen debuts the 1996 Saleen S281, featuring a 4.6-liter, 215 hp engine. This vehicle offers an affordable entry into the Saleen line of vehicles. Power output from the supercharged S351 rises to 495 hp. The Saleen/Allen "RRR" Speedlab, with teammates Steve Saleen and Tim Allen win the SCCA Manufacturers Championship. Steve Saleen is inducted into the Mustang Hall of Fame with Carroll Shelby.
1997	Steve Saleen joins the Board of Directors for the Mustang Museum and Professional Sports Car Racing Inc. Saleen/Allen "RRR" Speedlab competes at 24 Hours of Le Mans, marking the Mustang's first return in over 30 years. Saleen clinches the SCCA Manufacturers Championship title for the third time.
1998	Saleen debuts the Saleen Explorer XP8 Performance Utility Vehicle, its first foray into the sport utility vehicle market. Saleen/Allen "RRR" Speedlab wins both the SCCA Manufacturers' and Drivers' Championship titles.
1999	Saleen unveils the 1999 Saleen Mustang S281 and S351, featuring dynamic new design, lower cost and higher level of performance. An ex-Le Mans Saleen SR won the Spanish FIA GT.
2000	Competing in the inaugural Grand American Road Racing season, Saleen captured the GTO Driver's Championship in July and clinched the Manufacturer and Team Championships in the season finale at Watkins Glen. Saleen customer cars participated in the Motorola Cup and the Speedvision World Challenge earning a victory at Lime Rock. Saleen unveils the S7 at Laguna Seca Raceway, CA, August 19.
2002	Saleen unveils the S281 Extreme, the world’s most powerful (445hp) production Mustang. Saleen S7R customer teams continue to operate in four series (American LeMans, Grand Am, British GT and Spanish GT) winning 18 out of 40 races and three Drivers’ Championships and several more Team and Manufacturers Championships. Also wins 21 poles and sets 23 fastest laps. Saleen is awarded the assembly and paint contract for the Ford GT(40). Twin-screw Supercharger is offered on the Saleen S281 Extreme.
2003	Saleen begins assembly of Ford GT and other specialty vehicles in new Troy, Michigan manufacturing facility. 20th Anniversary Saleen Mustang (SA20) is offered. Saleen S7 appears in movie, “Bruce Almighty," as God’s car. Harrison Ford drives a S281 in “Hollywood Homicide.” Saleen S281 races in the movie, “2 Fast 2 Furious.”
2004	While Europe watched, the Saleen S7R captures 1st place win at Imola, Italy, beating home-track favorites Ferrari, Maserati, and Lamborghini, and the debuting Maserati MC-12. Saleen introduces the N20 Focus. Saleen builds Ford concept vehicles like the Mustang GTR that showed at the New York Auto Show.
2005	Saleen introduces the S7 Twin Turbo with 750hp. Saleen debuts all-new 2005 Saleen Mustang line-up. The S281 3-V obtains 330hp, the Supercharged reaches 435hp, and the Extreme (“E”) achieves 550hp -- the fastest Saleen Mustangs produced to date. Saleen S7 appears in 50 Cent’s #1 music video, “Candy Shop.” Saleen debuts new line featuring the Saleen Scenic Roof and Speedster. Saleen offers 15” brake system for the Mustang. HID headlights are introduced by Saleen.
2006	World’s Fastest Production Car – Saleen S7 Twin Turbo offered at 1000hp. Saleen/Oreca Race Team drives the S7 race version and captures the fastest lap and takes the victory at Spa, Belgium. The fastest Saleen to date, the S281 Extreme, goes into production, boasting 550hp. Saleen Sport Truck S331 is unveiled at 450hp. Saleen debuts the Saleen / Parnelli Jones Limited Edition Mustang -- a 1970 retro-style Parnelli Jones Boss 302 in a contemporary form, revealing 370hp in a 302 cid V-8, 3-valve engine. Saleen opens first retail store – “The Saleen Store” – in Irvine, California.

89 SSC

89 Saleen Sport Truck

99 SA-15

S7 Takes on Europe

Speedlab

Saleen introduces the N20 Focus in 2004.

Bruce Almighty (2003) God—okay, Jim Carrey—drives an S7

Hollywood Homicide (2003) Josh Hartnett and Harrison Ford (L to R) play detective in an S281.

2 Fast 2 Furious (2003) Tyrese Gibson is Too Fast and Too Furious

2003 Saleen begins assembly of the Ford GT

Saleen Sport Truck S331 is unveiled at 450hp.

Saleen/Oreca Race Team drives the S7 race version and captures the fastest lap and takes the victory at Spa, Belgium.

SAAB

The History Of SAAB

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Saab

Saab is an aircraft and automobile concern based in Sweden, founded 1937 in Linköping. Its name is an acronym for "Svenska Aeroplan AB," where "AB" stands for "aktiebolaget" ("limited company").

Originally manufacturing airplanes, the company sought ways in which to diversify its business and in the late 1940s started to manufacture Saab Automobile, based in the city of Trollhättan. The first car was the Saab 92001 on June 10, 1947. In the late 1950s SAAB then ventured into the computer market with Datasaab.

In 1969 Saab merged with the truck maker Scania-Vabis, and between 1969 and 1995 the company was called Saab-Scania AB. General Motors bought 51 percent of the automobile division Saab Automobile in 1990, and acquired the rest a decade later. Saab Automobile has not generated a profit since the complete GM takeover.

Ownership

Since 1998 BAE Systems has been the largest shareholder in Saab following its acquisition of a 35% stake from Investor AB by its predecessor, British Aerospace. From January 2005 BAE reduced its shareholding to 20%, which it views as a long term interest. Investor AB also maintains a 20% share.

Aircraft

Currently, the main focus of the aircraft production is fighter aircraft, with the recent JAS 39 Gripen as the flagship model. Saab has been making airplanes since the 1930s, and predecessors to the Gripen were among others the Lansen, the Draken and the Viggen. The last civilian models made by Saab were the Saab 340 and Saab 2000. Both were mid-range, turboprop powered, passenger planes. The development and the manufacturing of these aeroplanes has all been made in Linköping, Sweden.

In 1995 Saab Military Aircraft and British Aerospace (now BAE Systems) formed the joint venture company Saab-BAe Gripen AB, with the goal of adapting, manufacturing, marketing and supporting Gripen internationally. This co-operation was extended in 2001 with the formation of Gripen International for the same purpose.

BAE designed an improved wing, which they then manufactured and are set to produce 45% of currently planned export airframes. Saab Military Aircraft is responsible for the overall 'aircraft system' including basic aircraft development and production, and testing and delivery.

• Saab 17 (bomber)
• Saab 18 (bomber)
• Saab 21 (push-prop)
• Saab 21R (jet)
• Saab 29 Tunnan
• Saab 32 Lansen
• Saab 35 Draken
• Saab 37 Viggen
• Saab 39 Gripen
• Saab 90 Scandia
• Saab 91 Safir
• Saab 105
• Saab 340
• Saab 2000

Space & military technology

Saab Ericsson Space is a joint venture with Ericsson, designing the on board computers used in the Ariane 5 rockets used by the European Space Agency. Saab Bofors Dynamics develops military applications such as RBS15, Carl-Gustaf, AT4, IRIS-T and METEOR.

Datasaab

The Datasaab company was a result partly of the need of heavy computational power for the aircraft development, partly of the science-fictional idea to make a computer that would be small enough to mount in an aeroplane as navigational equipment. During the 1960s several successful and advanced systems were developed and sold to several European countries (used in e.g. banking). The aircraft computer (CK37) was achieved in 1971 in the Viggen. The now less successful company was sold off in 1975 to Sperry UNIVAC, while flight computer

Porsche

The History Of Porsche

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Porsche

Porsche (Dr. Ing. h. c. F. Porsche AG), properly pronounced as a two syllable word (porsh-eh, IPA: /ˈpɔrʃə/) , is a German manufacturer of sports cars, founded in 1931 by Ferdinand Porsche, the engineer who created the first Volkswagen. The company is located in Zuffenhausen, a city district of Stuttgart.

Porsche has a reputation for producing high-end sports vehicles that, despite their high performance, are reliable and tractable enough to be used for daily driving, and of high manufacturing quality and durability. The current Porsche lineup includes everything from an entry-level roadster (Boxster) to a Supercar (Carrera GT). Future plans include a high performance luxury sedan, the Panamera.

As a company, Porsche is known for weathering changing market conditions with great financial stability, while retaining most production in Germany during an age when most other German car manufacturers have moved at least partly to Eastern Europe or overseas. The headquarters and main factory are still at Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen, but for the Cayenne and Carrera GT there is a new plant at Leipzig, in the east of Germany. Some Boxster and Cayman production is outsourced to Valmet Automotive in Finland. The company has been highly successful in recent times, and indeed claims to be the most profitable car company in the world (in terms of profit margin per unit sold, its absolute profits would be dwarfed by Toyota) .

Porsche has for many years offered consultancy services to various other car manufacturers. Studebaker, SEAT, Daewoo, Subaru and Yugo have consulted Porsche on engineering for their cars or engines. Porsche also helped Harley-Davidson design their new engine in their newer V-Rod motorcycle.

Porsche's main competition is arguably from Italian specialty automaker Ferrari, though traditionally their vehicles appeal to quite different personalities, if similar demographics. Other rivals include coupes from Jaguar, BMW, Lamborghini, Maserati, Aston Martin and arguably Mercedes-Benz.

History

The first Porsche, the Porsche 64 from 1938, used many components from the Volkswagen Beetle. The second Porsche model and first production car, the Porsche 356 sports car of 1948, was initially built in Gmünd, Austria, where the company was evacuated to during war times, but after building 49 cars the company relocated back to Zuffenhausen. Many people regard the 356 as the first Porsche simply because it was the first model sold by the fledgling company. Ferdinand Porsche worked with his son Ferry Porsche in designing the 356 but died soon after the first prototype was built. Again, the car used components from the Beetle including its engine, gearbox and suspension. However, the 356 had several evolutions while in production and many VW parts were replaced by Porsche-made parts. The last 356s were powered by 100% Porsche designed engines. The sleek bodywork was designed by Erwin Komenda who had also designed the body of the Beetle.

In 1963, after some success in motor-racing (namely with the Porsche 550 Spyder), the company launched the Porsche 911, another air-cooled, rear-engined sports car, this time with a 6-cylinder "boxer" engine. The team to lay out the bodyshell design was led by Ferry Porsche's eldest son Ferdinand Alexander Porsche (F.A.). The design phase for the 911 caused internal problems with Erwin Komenda who led the body design department until then. F.A. Porsche complained Komenda made changes to the design not being approved by him. Company leader Ferry Porsche took his son's drawings to neighbouring bodyshell manufacturer Reuter bringing the design to the 1963 state. Reuter's workshop was later acquired by Porsche (so-called Werk II). Afterwards Reuter became a seat manufacturer, today known as Keiper-Recaro. The 911 has become Porsche's most well-known model, successful on the race-track, in rallies, and in terms of sales. Far more than any other model, the Porsche brand is defined by the 911. It remains in production; however, after several generations of revision, current-model 911s share only the basic mechanical concept of a rear-engined, six-cylinder coupe, and basic styling cues with the original car. A cost-reduced model with the same body but 356-derived running gear (including its four-cylinder engine) was sold as the 912.

The company has always had a close relationship with Volkswagen, and as already mentioned, the first Porsche cars used many Volkswagen components. The two companies collaborated in 1969 to make the VW-Porsche 914 and 914-6, in 1976 with the Porsche 912E (USA only) and the Porsche 924, which used many Audi components and was built at an Audi Neckarsulm factory. Most 944 were also done there even though they used many fewer VW components. The Porsche Cayenne, introduced in 2002, shares the entire chassis with VW Touareg, which are built at the Škoda factory in Bratislava. Both Audi and Škoda are wholly-owned subsidiaries of VW. In late 2005, Porsche took an 18.65% stake in VW, further cementing their relationship and preventing a takeover of VW, which was rumored at the time. Speculated suitors included DaimlerChrysler, BMW and Renault.

In 1972 the company's legal form was changed from limited partnership to private limited company (german AG), because Ferry Porsche and his sister Louise Piëch felt their succeeding generation did not team up well. This led to the foundation of an executive board out of managers not being family members and a supervisory board consisting mostly of family members. This way no one out of the family was in operational charge of the company anymore. F.A. Porsche founded his own design company, Porsche Design, which is renowned for exclusive sunglasses, watches, furniture and many other luxury articles. Ferdinand Piëch who was responsible for mechanical development of Porsche's serial and racing cars before founded his own engineering bureau and developed a 5-cylinder-inline Diesel engine for Mercedes-Benz. Short time later he changed to Audi and made his career through the whole company including the Volkswagen Group boards.

First CEO of Porsche AG was Dr. Ernst Fuhrmann who had been working at Porsche's engine development before. Fuhrmann (being responsible for the so-called Fuhrmann-engine used in the 356 Carrera models and the 550 Spyder having four ohc-camshafts instead of a central camshaft in the Volkswagen-derived serial engines) planned to cease the 911 during the 70s and replace it with the V8-front engined grand sportswagon 928. As we know today the 911 outlived the 928 by far. Fuhrmann was replaced in the early 80s by Peter W. Schutz a american manager who was declared 911 aficionado. He was replaced in 1988 by former german computer-company Nixdorf manager Arno Bohn who made some expensive misdecisions leading to his soon dismissal along with development director Dr. Ulrich Bez, formely responsible for BMW's Z1 model and today Aston Martin ceo. Interim ceo was longtime Porsche employee Heinz Branitzki before Dr. Wendelin Wiedeking became ceo in 1992. Wiedeking took over the board's chair at a point in time when Porsche seemed to be prone to be taken over by a bigger company. During these 14 years so far Wiedeking made Porsche a very efficient and profitable company.

In 1990, Porsche had a memorandum of understanding with Toyota to learn and benefit from lean Japanese production methods, and currently, Toyota is assisting Porsche with Hybrid technology, rumored to find its way into a Hybrid Cayenne SUV.

Ferdinand Porsche's grandson, Ferdinand Piëch, was chairman and CEO of the Volkswagen Group from 1993 to 2002. Today he is chairman of the supervisory board. With 12,8 per cent of the Porsche voting shares, he also remains the second largest individual shareholder of Porsche AG after his cousin F.A. Porsche (13,6 per cent).

Porsche's 2002 introduction of the Cayenne also marked the unveiling of a new production facility in Leipzig, Saxony, which today accounts for nearly half of Porsche's annual output.

In 2004, production of the Porsche Carrera GT commenced in Leipzig, and at EUR 450,000.00 it is the most expensive production model Porsche ever built.

As of 2005, the extended Porsche and Piech families controlled all of Porsche AG's voting shares. In early October 2005 the company announced acquisition of an 18.53% stake in Volkswagen AG and disclosed intentions to acquire additional VW shares in the future.

Motor-racing

the 1978 Monte Carlo Rally with a private 911 SC. The Paris Dakar Rally was won twice, too using the 911 derived Porsche 959 Group B supercar.

Porsche has also participated in Formula One racing, with mixed results; its first foray (as a constructor) from 1961 to 1962 produced just one win in a championship race, claimed by Dan Gurney at the 1962 French Grand Prix. One week later, he repeated the success in front of Porsche's home crowd on Stuttgart's Solitude in a non-championship race. At the end of the season, Porsche retired from F1 due to the high costs. Privateers continued to enter out-dated Porsche 718 in F1 until 1964.

Porsche returned in 1983 after nearly two decades away, supplying engines badged as TAG units for the McLaren Team. Porsche-powered cars took two constructor championships in 1984 and 1985 and three driver crowns in 1984, 1985 and 1986. Porsche returned to F1 again in 1991 as an engine supplier, however this time with disastrous results: Porsche-powered Footwork cars failed to score a single point, and failed to even qualify for over half the races that year; Porsche has not participated in Formula One since.

Stock and lightly-modified Porsches are raced in many competitions around the world; some of these are primarily amateur classes for enthusiasts, but the Porsche Michelin Supercup is a wholly professional category raced as a support category for European Formula One rounds.

Porsche dropped its factory motorsports programs during the turn of the century (preferring to support privateers) for financial reasons and has only recently made a comeback with the new RS Spyder prototype. Based on LMP2 homologaton regulations, the RS Spyder made its debut at Laguna Seca during the final race of the 2005 ALMS season and immediately garnering a class win in the LMP2 class and finishing 5th overall.

Major Victories and Championships

• 14 Makes and Team World Championship (1964, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1994)
• 8 Long Distance World Championship
• 3 IMSA Supercar-Series (1991, 1992, 1993)
• 6 German Racing Championship (1977, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985)
• 20 European Hill Climbing Championship
• 3 Formula 1 Driver World Championship (1984, 1985, 1986)
• 2 Formula 1 Constructor World Championship (1984, 1985)
• 26 Formula 1 victories (1962, 1 win; 1984, 12 wins; 1985, 6 wins; 1986, 4 wins; 1987, 3 wins)
• 20 Daytona 24 Hour (1968, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1995, 2003)
• 15 IMSA Supercar-Race (USA)
• 16 Le Mans 24 Hour (1970, 1971, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998)
• 17 Sebring 12 Hour (1960, 1968, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988)
• 11 Targa Florio (1956, 1959, 1960, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1973)
• 4 Rallye Monte Carlo (1968, 1969, 1970, 1978)
• 2 Paris-Dakar Rallye (1984, 1986)

Models

See: Category:Porsche vehicles

Tractors

• Porsche Type 110
• Porsche AP Series
• Porsche Junior (14 hp)
• Porsche Standard (25 hp)
• Porsche Super (38 hp)
• Porsche Master (50 hp)
• Porsche 312
• Porsche 108F
• Porsche R22
• Porsche AP16

Consumer models

• Porsche 356
• Porsche 550 Spyder
• Porsche 911
  • Porsche 930 (1975-1989 911 Turbo)
  • Porsche 964 (1989-1994)
    • Porsche 965 (964 Turbo)
  • Porsche 993 (1994 - 1998)
  • Porsche 996 (1998 - 2005)
  • Porsche 997 (From 2005)
• Porsche 912 (1.6-liter 911)
• Porsche 914 and 914-6
• Porsche 912E (1976 USA model only)
• Porsche 924
  • Porsche 931 (924 Turbo)
• Porsche 928
• Porsche 944
  • Porsche 951 (944 Turbo)
• Porsche 968
• Porsche Boxster (986 and 987)
• Porsche Cayenne
• Porsche 959 (911 based Group B supercar)
• Porsche Carrera GT
• Porsche Cayman
• Porsche Panamera

NOTE: models in bold are current models

Racing models

• Porsche 64
• Porsche 360 (Cisitalia)
• Porsche 550
• Porsche 718 RSK
• Porsche 718 F2
• Porsche 804 F1
• Porsche W-RS (Spyder)
• Porsche 904
• Porsche 906 (Carrera 6)
• Porsche 907
• Porsche 908
• Porsche 909 (Bergspyder)
• Porsche 910
• Porsche 914/6
• Porsche 916
• Porsche 917
• Porsche 934
• Porsche 935
• Porsche 936
• Porsche 924 (Racing versions)
• Porsche 954
• Porsche 956/962C
• Porsche 944 (Racing versions)
• Porsche 959
• Porsche 961
• Porsche Indy March (89P and 90P)
• Porsche 966
• TWR-Porsche of Joest Racing
• Porsche RS Spyder
• Porsche 911
  • Porsche 911 GT1
  • Porsche 911 GT2
  • Porsche 911 GT3

NOTE: models in bold are current models

Prototypes and concept cars

• Porsche 114
• Porsche 356/1
• Porsche 695 (911 prototype)
• Porsche 901 (911 prototype)
• Porsche 916 (flat-6 914)
• Porsche 959 Prototype
• Porsche 942
• Porsche 969
• Porsche Panamericana
• Porsche 989
• Porsche Varrera
• Porsche Boxster Concept
• Porsche Carrera GT Concept
• Porsche E2

Pronunciation of "Porsche"

In German "Porsche" is pronounced porsh-eh (IPA /ˈpɔɹʃə/). In English, the German form is often heard from official Porsche sources and from some Porsche owners and enthusiasts. There is a habit in American English towards over-compensating the e, which then results into pronouncing it as Pors-scha (IPA /ˈpɔɹʃa/). Outside of these groups however, the pronunciation porsh (IPA /pɔɹʃ/) is common but usually frowned upon.

• The correct pronunciation of 'Porsche'

Pontiac

The History Of Pontiac

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Pontiac

Pontiac is a marque of automobile produced by General Motors and sold in the United States, Canada and Mexico from 1926 to the present. In the GM brand lineup, Pontiac is a mid-level brand featuring a more sporting, performance-driving experience for a reasonable price, and a youthful feel to its advertising.

The Pontiac brand was introduced by General Motors in 1926 as the subsidiary to GM's Oakland Motor Car line. The Pontiac name had been used on by another manufacturer in 1906, but that company did not survive. The first General Motors Pontiac was conceived as an affordable six cylinder that was intended to compete with more inexpensive four cylinder models. Within months of its introduction Pontiac outsold Oakland. As Pontiac' sales rose and Oakland's sales continued to decline, Pontiac became the only sudsidiary to survive its parent brand.

A Native American Headdress was used as a logo until 1956. The current Pontiac logo was originally meant to represent a Native American arrow-head. An alternate slang term for the marque among performance enthusiasts includes Poncho. Another slang term used in the early stages of brand was "Indian" due the subject matter of its logo.

Performance heritage

Since the 1957 introduction of the Bonneville, Pontiac marketing has emphasized performance; the division's slogan for many years was "We Build Excitment". For many years each GM division had its own market niche - Chevrolet was equated with value, Oldsmobile with technology, Buick was marketed affordable luxury, Cadillac as ultimate luxury and Pontiac embraced performance.

After the introduction of the Bonneville in 1957, Pontiac's next success was the introduction of its Wide-Track suspension layout in 1959. The wide-track layout gave the car a broader stance, by increasing the width between the wheels, and claimed greater stability and increased traction.

The Pontiac GTO was introduced in 1964 by Pontiac's John DeLorean as an option package on the LeMans/Tempest (GM A-body) car. It was the first intermediate GM vehicle to be powered by the Pontiac division's 389 in³ V8. By being the first brand to feature a large engine in an intermediate car, Pontiac is often credited with launching the muscle car era. Throughout the 1960s, GTOs were well known for their combination of stunning looks and incredible performance.

The Firebird, introduced in 1967, was an F-body car that closely mirrored the styling and motor offerings of the LeMans/Tempest cars but was placed on a smaller, sportier platform. This body style and its underlying Chevrolet Nova chassis were shared with the Camaro, but the Firebird's engines and trim were totally different. As upscale competition for sporty cars like the Ford Mustang or the Dodge Challenger, the Firebird was perfectly positioned. Over time, Americans began to slowly switch to smaller sport compacts such as the Toyota Celica and the Nissan Z-cars, and Firebird sales slowly began to fall. The Firebird began to be seen as little more than an expensive Camaro - and when sales of the F-body twins began to falter, it didn't take long for GM to pull the plug. They did so in 2002, after 35 years of continuous production.

Even more famous was the limited-edition Firebird Trans Am, which was first offered in 1969 and continued through the end of the Firebird in 2002. Early on, the Trans Am was most notable for having the very same 400 in³ V8 engine as its big GTO counterpart, but in a smaller body. This pattern continued through the late 1970s, after which the Trans Am became more of a luxury model than a real performance machine.

Just about the time that these muscle cars were getting big attention, emissions regulations and oil shortages quickly ground them to a halt. While production first started in the late 1950s, it did not hit its stride until the late 1960s. By 1972, few were left on the market. Most telling was the fate of the GTO - originally conceived as a powerful midsize coupe, by 1974 the GTO option was offered only on the compact Ventura, a rebadged Chevrolet Nova. And then, it too was gone.

From the late 1970s on to the late 1980s, while downsizing its North American operations, General Motors had little funds to spend on independent brand-specific performance platforms. That was, until the Pontiac Fiero was introduced in 1983 as a 1984 model. Drawing heavily from GM's parts bin, the Fiero was initially billed as a commuter car. While it was not performance oriented in its initial release, its final versions with improved suspension geometry and available 2.8L V6 made the Fiero a potent mid-engined sports car. With the demise of the Fiero in 1988, Pontiac only offered badge engineered products from other GM divisions.

In 2001, Bob Lutz, the former Vice Chairman of the Chrysler Corporation was hired to help turn GM around. One of his first ideas was to bring back the GTO in order to revive Pontiac's performance heritage in light of the Firebird's demise. Finding limited numbers of smaller rear wheel drive coupe platforms, Pontiac looked to Holden, a GM division of Australia, for the platform of their GTO.

Beginning late 2004, GM's Holden division produced a version of their Monaro coupe with Pontiac trim and all the attitude of the original 1960s editions. Producing 400 hp from a thoroughly modern V8 engine, and with a world-class chassis, the new GTO is at least as good as its predecessors. But its lackluster styling turned off many buyers and forced GM to add hood scoops and other styling touches in order to make the GTO look like the originals.

In the summer of 2005, the Pontiac Solstice sports roadster arrived, and with it the renewed promise of style and driving fun. It was launched on an episode of The Apprentice; the following day the first thousand Solstices were sold in just 41 minutes. Solstice became one of hottest car America's throughout 2005 as Pontiac reported orders far beyond their ability to produce the car, and dealer mark-ups of thousands of dollars over sticker price, a rarity for GM in this time of deep incentives.

Also in 2005, Pontiac put a V8 under the hood of the Grand Prix. Called the Grand Prix GXP, it would give the Grand Prix its first V8 since 1987.

A majority of Pontiac dealerships also sell GMC trucks - the trade name used by GM executives is the Pontiac/GMC division.

Engines

Pontiac's second generation V8 engines were nearly identical, allowing many parts to interchange from its advent in 1958 to its demise in 1981. Sizes ranged from 265 in³ to 455 in³. This similarity (except the 301 & 265) makes rebuilding these engines particularly easy, as almost any Pontiac engine one can find will contain useful parts. This dimensional similarity between engines of various capacity also made it possible for Pontiac to invent the modern muscle car, by the relatively simple process of placing its largest engines into its midsize cars, creating the Pontiac GTO. The non-traditional Pontiac V8 was the 301 and the smaller displacement 265 in³. Produced from 1977 through 1981, this motor has the distinction of being the last Pontiac V8 produced by PMD. The 301 has a 4 inch bore and 3 inch stroke, identical to the vaunted Chevrolet and Ford 302 motors.

Pontiac engines were not available in Canada, however, but were replaced with Chevrolet engines of similar size and power, resulting in such interesting and unusual (at least to American car fans) models as the 396 GTO.

See Pontiac V8 engine

All Pontiac Motor Division (PMD) engines (pre-1980 unified GM) were designed around a low-RPM/high-torque model, as opposed to the ubiquitous Chevrolet Small-Block engine known for its smaller displacement and high RPM/high power design. PMD engines were unique for their rear distributor, integrated water pump and timing chain cover, and separate valley pan and intake.

Carburetors

PMD originally used Rochester 1-barrel carburetors for many years, but by the time of the second generation engines had switched mostly to the 2-barrel offerings. These were the basis for the Tri-Power setups on the engines.

The Tri-Power setup included one center carburetor with idle control and two end carburetors that did not until the throttle was partly opened. This was accomplished two ways, mechanically for the manual transmission models, and via a vacuum-switch on the automatics. This went through various permutations before being banned by GM.

PMD also had a square-bore 4-barrel at the time, but this was rated at a lower power than the Tri-Power. This carburetor was later replaced by the Quadrajet, a spread bore. Spread-bore refers to either the distance between the primaries or to the difference in sizes between the primaries and secondaries.

By the end of the muscle car era, the Quadrajet setup had become the nearly-ubiquitous choice on PMD engines, due to its excellent economy and power characteristics. While it has been derided by many as a poor performer, many have shown that with proper understanding, it can compete at most levels with other designs.

Similar carburetors include the Thermoquad and the Q-jet. This design proved good enough to last well into the 1980s with emissions modifications while most others carburetors were dropped for the easier to build fuel injection when economy mattered.

Plymouth

The History Of Plymouth

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Plymouth

Plymouth was a brand of automobile based in the United States, marketed by the Chrysler Corporation and DaimlerChrysler from 1928 to 2001.

For much of its life, it was the number-three make, after Chevrolet and Ford ("the low-priced three"), but suffered greatly in the early 1960s. These problems were due to both a line of poorly styled cars in 1960–1962 that did not strike the public's fancy, and infiltration into its price territory by Plymouth's sister line, Dodge.

Regaining success in the early 1970s primarily with its popular Valiant and Duster compact models, as a brand Plymouth never fully recovered from Chrysler's financial woes of the late 1970s. Marketing decisions had also reduced the Plymouth lineup so that it was no longer a full-line make. New models were increasingly given to the Dodge and Chrysler brands, and denied to Plymouth. By 1979, its' lineup consisted of only the domestically produced Volare and Horizon models, and a number of rebadged Mitsubishi imports.

After deciding to kill off the Eagle brand instead of Plymouth, Chrysler was planning on expanding the Plymouth line with unique models before the corporation's acquisition by Daimler-Benz AG. The first model was the Plymouth Prowler, a modern-day hot rod. The PT Cruiser was to have been the second model. Both models had a similar grille, showing that Chrysler was intending to take a retro route with the Plymouth brand. Other than the Prowler at the time of the takeover, Plymouth had no unique products that were not also available in the Dodge line. Furthermore, whereas all Plymouth dealers also sold the Chrysler line of cars, many Dodge dealers sold only Dodge; thus it would cause much more dealer disarray to discontinue Dodge than it would to discontinue Plymouth. Consequently, DaimlerChrysler decided to drop the make after a limited run of 2001 models. The PT Cruiser was ultimately launched as a Chrysler, and the Prowler line was absorbed into that make as well. The Plymouth Voyager was also absorbed into the Chrysler make. Both the Prowler and Voyager have since ended production.

While most US consumers do not miss the Plymouth brand, diehard Chrysler fans haven't taken it as easily, as they have made several demands to DaimlerChrysler to bring back the brand. While the brand will likely never see the light of day under DaimlerChrysler, there have been rumors that Chrysler may launch a youth-oriented brand similar to Toyota's Scion brand. More likely than not, the Plymouth name would not be revived if such a brand were to be launched.

Plymouth car models

• Plymouth Acclaim (1989-1995)
• Plymouth Arrow (1976-1980, rebadged Mitsubishi Lancer Celeste)
• Plymouth Arrow Truck (1979-1982, rebadged Mitsubishi Forte)
• Plymouth Barracuda (1964-1974)
• Plymouth Belvedere (1954-1970)
• Plymouth Breeze (1996-2000)
• Plymouth Caravelle (1985-1988)
• Plymouth Champ (1979-1982, rebadged Mitsubishi Mirage)
• Plymouth Colt (1983-1994, rebadged Mitsubishi Mirage)
• Plymouth Conquest (1984-1986, rebadged Mitsubishi Starion)
• Plymouth Cranbrook
• Plymouth Cricket (1971-1975, rebadged Hillman Avenger)
• Plymouth Duster (1970-1976)
• Plymouth Fury (1956-1978)
• Plymouth Gran Fury (1980-1989)
• Plymouth Grand Voyager (1987-2000)
• Plymouth GTX (1967-1971)
• Plymouth Horizon (1978-1990)
• Plymouth Laser (1990-1994, rebadged Mitsubishi Eclipse)
• Plymouth Neon (1995-2001)
• Plymouth Plaza (1954-1958)
• Plymouth Prowler (1997-2001)
• Plymouth Reliant (1981-1989)
• Plymouth Road Runner (1968-1980)
• Plymouth Sapporo (1978-1983, rebadged Mitsubishi Galant)
• Plymouth Satellite (1966-1974)
• Plymouth Savoy (1951-1965)
• Plymouth Scamp (1971-1976, 1983)
• Plymouth Sundance (1987-1994)
• Plymouth Suburban
• Plymouth Superbird (1970)
• Plymouth TC3 (1979-1982)
• Plymouth Trailduster (1974-1981)
• Plymouth Turismo (1983-1987)
• Plymouth Valiant (1960-1976)
• Plymouth VIP (1966-1969)
• Plymouth Volaré (1976-1980)
• Plymouth Voyager (1974-2000)

Pininfarina

The history of Pininfarina

A story that started 78 years ago, a history of Italian style denoted by beauty, elegance and functionality. A trip to discover the people and models that have made Pininfarina’s style famous all over the world. And an overview of the exceptional forms of cooperation that have linked the company to leading auto-makers for many years.

1930

On May 22nd Battista “Pinin” Farina founded Carrozzeria Pinin Farina in Turin. The company was designed to build special car bodies for individual customers or in small production runs.
The company has one hundred and fifty employees on a covered area of 9250 square meters in corso Trapani.
In June, the following news appear on an automobile periodical: “And now the popular nickname “Pinin” used by the whole of the Turin motoring world when talking about Farina, was officialy about to become used throughout the country, as a result of the recent company changes which led to the founding of S.A. Carrozzeria Pinin Farina“.
At the Paris Motor Show Pinin Farina exhibits Lancia, Alfa Romeo, Isotta-Fraschini and Fiat cars.

1931

Lancia Dilambda

With the Lancia Dilambda, the first official Pinin Farina special, appears at the Concours d’Elegance at Villa d’Este
His first accomplishments in the 1930’s included the first Alfa Romeo cars and the Hispano Suiza Coupé.

1932

Fiat 518 Ardita

Exhibit of the Fiat 518 Ardita.

1933

One of the early ad says: “Luxury and grand luxury cars”.

1935

Alfa Romeo Pescara

Pinin Farina exhibits the Alfa Romeo 6C Pescara Coupé at the Milan Motor Show.

1936

Lancia Astura Bocca Cabriolet

The Lancia Astura Cabriolet tipo Bocca : elegance and craftsmanship for a small series of streamlined, richly finished cabriolets which introduced the unprecedented notion of the legitimacy of making a certain number of replicas of a custom-built model.
Production of the Lancia Aprilia Aerodinamica.

1937

Lancia Aprilia berlinetta aerodinamica

Debut of the Lancia Aprilia berlinetta aerodinamica.

1939

Pinin Farina achieves 500 employees.

1945

Few weeks after the end of the war Pinin Farina starts the production with the Lancia Aprilia Bilux.

1946

Lancia Aprilia Bilux

Italy, a defeated country, is excluded from participating in the Paris Motor Show. Pinin and his son Sergio set off from Turin for France driving two new cars, an Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 S and a Lancia Aprilia cabriolet. When they reach the Grand Palais in Paris they park the two cars in front of the entrance of the Motor Show, where anyone going in or out can see and admire them. It is a great success, commented on by the French press: ”Ce diable de Farina a ouvert son antisalon personnel”.

1947

Cisitalia 202

“Running Sculpture”, first car in the world permanently displayed in a Museum of Modern Art, namely the MOMA in New York, as ”one of the eight outstanding cars of our time”: the Cisitalia, realised on tubular chassis and manufactured in limited series with aluminium body welded to a skeleton of fine sheet steel, has a design which marks a decisive turnpoint of the automotive style.

1951

Nash Healey Spider

The Italian Style in United States also conquers the cinema, with “Sabrina”by Billy Wilder, starring Audrey Hepburn, William Holden, Humphrey Bogart and the Nash Healey Spider. The car, designed and manufactured in Italy for the U.S.A. market, underlines the Pininfarina international vocation.

1952

Enzo Ferrari and Battista Pininfarina

Start of cooperation with Ferrari, destined to strengthen over the years to the present day.
Pinin Farina returns for the second time to the United States for the unveiling of the "Ambassador", designed by him and the “Nash Healey”, planned and built in limited series at his Turin plant. He is warmly welcomed and showered with manifestations of respect and esteem. This is the first time in the history of American automobile companies that the name of a designer becomes famous.
From a great sedan, a sporty dream, manufactured in small series, characterised by sober and simple lines: the Alfa Romeo 1900 Sprint Coupé.

1953

Pinin Farina is appointed “Cavaliere del Lavoro” by the President of the Italian Republic.

1954

Lancia Aurelia B24 S

At the Bruxelles Motor Show, debut of the Lancia Aurelia B24 S: the mass-produced special, the queen of desires, protagonist of “Il Sorpasso” by Dino Risi, with Vittorio Gassman. One of the best-looking cars ever, it is eminently suitable for speeding along the Californian highways: many of the 761 units produced are sold in the United States, opening up a significant export flow.

1955

Alfa Romeo Giulietta Spider

With the Giulietta, the so-called by Pinin “fair girl”, the decisive passage to the industrial dimension. Timeless appeal of the aesthetic equilibrium and sobriety, the world-wide success of the Giulietta Spider is the real event of the Fifties: this small masterpiece, originally conceived solely with the idea of exporting it to U.S.A., is in fact swept throughout the length and breadth of Europe by popular demand.
A cooperation agreement with Peugeot starts.

1956

The new manufacturing plant in Grugliasco is under construction: it will be finished by 1958.

1957

Lancia Florida II

On show at the Turin Motor Show the Lancia Florida II, design milestone, with stylistic elements which have for many years influenced the world-wide production. This is the personal car of the Founder: “I recall that car-maker from Detroit, Olds, who used to live and sleep in his car. And I live in my Florida”.

1959

Ferrari 250 GT (ShortWheel Base)

The Ferrari 250 GT ShortWheel Base is born. “The Ferrari”epitome, sporty performance and timeless elegance. Archetype of the technical-aesthetic process of evolution Ferrari Pininfarina. Presented at the Paris Motor Show, it will be produced two years later in 200 units.

1960

Pininfarina X - Fiat-Abarth Monoposto da record

Pininfarina X: when the scientific research is combined with an original and revolutionary shape. The rhomboid arrangement of the four wheels and the exceptional dray coefficient allowe to obtain, with the same performance, higher top speed and lower consumption.
The Fiat - Abarth Monoposto: The fascination of the pure speed in 8 international and 1 world records.

1961

Renzo Carli and Sergio Pininfarina

At the age of 68, “Pinin” Farina turns his firm over to his son Sergio and his son-in-law, Renzo Carli.
The President of Italy authorized the change of Farina’s last name to Pininfarina.

1963

Chevrolet Corvette Rondine - Pininfarina Sigma

At the Paris Motor Show debut of the Chevrolet Corvette Rondine: european flavour for this “American”proposal, which anticipates the stylistic solution of the Fiat 124 Sport Spider rear part.
On show at the Turin Motor Show the Pininfarina Sigma, a bodywork study with fourteen technical safety solutions, eight of which will be currently used in the production of the cars in the future.

1966

Alfa Romeo 1600 Spider - Fiat 124 Sport Spider

On April 3rd Battista Pininfarina dies in Lausanne and Sergio Pininfarina becomes the Chairman of Pininfarina.
Inauguration of the Pininfarina Studies and Research Centre in Grugliasco.
Debut in Geneva of the Alfa Romeo 1600 Spider, later to be known as the “Duetto”.
On show at the Turin Motor Show the Fiat 124 Sport Spider, which soon becomes one of the most successful models of Pininfarina, exported in large numbers to the United States.

1967

Dino 206 Competizione

The Pininfarina Calculation and Design Centre was set up.
On show in Frankfurt the advanced aesthetic research for the Dino 206 Competizione, a concept with a decidedly race-course flair which stated the canons of the future mid-engined Ferraris.

1968

Ferrari P6 - BLMC 1100

In Turin Pininfarina presents two concepts: the Ferrari P6, a very meaningful concept incorporating the seeds that were to develops into the following Ferrari BB and 308 GTB, and the BLMC 1100.

1969

Peugeot 504 Cabriolet - Sigma Grand Prix

World debut in Paris of the Peugeot 504 Cabriolet. As Sergio Pininfarina says, “Italian design and manufacturing for a car which made the French dreaming, a sort of free ‘tone-production’ as regards the theme of the sedan, also designed by Pininfarina, a free ‘touch’, to use the musical term”.
Together with the cabriolet version also the Peugeot 504 Coupé, presented in Geneva: designed and manufactured by Pininfarina, proves worthy additions to the saloon, and is named “1968 Car of the Year”, Europe’s best-selling 2000 cc. Thanks to the excellent results achieved in the demanding African rallies, the 504 Coupé is acclaimed the “Queen of Africa”.
On show also in Geneva, the Sigma Grand Prix: seven important safety features proposed for the F1 cars, in order to drastically reduce the element of risk inherent in this sport. A complex and innovative theme, fruit of a moral necessity and of the technical-creative room at that time not yet investigated.

1970

Ferrari Modulo

At the Geneva Motor Show, 22 International Design Awards for the Ferrari Modulo, a “pure formal research, in its intentional geometricity. Is it still an automobile or it is the module of a spaceship of ‘2001: A space Odyssey’?”

1971

Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer

Turin Motor Show, the Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer in Sergio Pininfarina’s words: “Styling prototype of a history-making car which marked Enzo Ferrari’s conversion to the technical solution of the mid-engine. Low and flowing line with a groove along the flanks which ideally divides the body into two parts, so that they appear superimposed”.

1972

Wind Tunnel

Pininfarina sets up the first full size wind tunnel for aerodynamic research in Italy.
It is also one of the few in the world.

1975

Fiat 130 Opera

The Fiat 130 Opera, presented at the Turin show, is a proposal for a sedan with the beauty and the lightness of line of a large coupé.

1976

Peugette

Sergio Pininfarina is appointed “Cavaliere del Lavoro” by the President of the Italian Republic, honour previously attributed to his father.
On show at the Turin Motor Show the Peugette, minimalist concept fruit of a study for a sports car, economical for its design and for manufacturing technique contents foreseen, destined to youth.

1978

Ecos - Jaguar XJ Spider

The Echos is presented at the Turin show: study for an environmentally-friendly electric city car, realised in co-operation with the Fiat Research Centre. The ecological sensibility would become only later of wide interest.
Debut of the Jaguar XJ Spider at the Birmingham Motor Show: a strong emotional impact and great suggestive power in this in the purest Jaguar sports car tradition.

1979

Lancia Beta Montecarlo Turbo - Studio CNR

The evolution of Pininfarina by sectors of activity led to the creation of an industrial group held by a holding company, Pininfarina S.p.A., responsible for co-ordinating the financial activities and image of the various subsidiaries.
Debut of the Lancia Beta Montecarlo Turbo, which wins in 1980 and 1981 the World Endurance Championship.
The Studio CNR receives the Compasso d’Oro Award 1979 for this Ideal Aerodynamic Shape, outcome of a theoretical experimental research project promoted by the National Research Italian Council.

1980

Ferrari Pinin - Alfa Romeo Vivace Coupé e Spider

At the Turin Motor Show Pininfarina's 50 years in the business are celebrated by the research prototype Ferrari Pinin.
In the Eighties the the Audi Quartz, the Honda HP-X, the Peugeot Griffe, the Alfa Romeo Vivace Coupé and Spider, the Lancia Hit are all presented at International Motor Shows.
The Company continues to provide styling consultancy services to noumerous manufacturers, for the Peugeot 205 Saloon and Cabriolet, 405 and 106, the Ferrari GTO, Testarossa, 348 TB and TS.
Production of the Ferrari Testarossa (later the 512 TR), the Alfa Romeo Spider, the Lancia Thema Station Wagon and the Peugeot 205 Cabriolet is joined by that of the Cadillac Allanté.
At the same time the design and engineering sector expands and diversifies, and the production of significant styling prototypes and technical and scientific research continues.

1982

The Studies and Research Centre becomes Pininfarina Studi e Ricerche S.p.A. with an independent operating structure located in Cambiano (Turin).

1983

Spidereuropa “Volumex” - Peugeot 205

The Spidereuropa “Volumex” is presented at the Turin Motor Show: last version of the Fiat 124 Sport Spider born in 1966 and manufactured by Pininfarina in over 200,000 units. Until 1985, this model, destined to the American market, is advertised and marketed under the Pininfarina trademark.
In Geneva, debut of the Pininfarina Coupé, proposal of sports coupé on Fiat Ritmo Abarth mechanicals
World debut in Geneva of the Peugeot 205.

1984

Ferrari Testarossa

World debut at the Paris Motor Show of the Ferrari Testarossa.

1986

Cadillac Allanté

Pininfarina S.p.A. is entered on the Stock Exchange.
Pininfarina Extra s.r.l., a company dedicated to product design, is created.
A new manufacturing plant in San Giorgio Canavese is opened.
The Cadillac Allanté makes its world debut in Paris: simplicity of lines, harmony of proportions in the respect of the American Make brand identity.

1987

Alfa Romeo 164 - ETR X 500 - F40

To celebrate Ferrari’s fourtieth birthday, the Ferrari F40 is presented at the Frankfurt Motor Show.
Debut of the ETR X 500, high-speed train for the Italian Railways: Pininfarina develops the internal and external design, as well the aerodynamics research.
Debut of the Alfa Romeo 164.

1989

Ferrari Mythos

Car Design Award 1990, this concept displayed at the Tokyo Motor Show is a totally-rounded sculptural modelling with a perfect balance between aesthetic emotion and technical rationality, fully consistent with the Pininfarina philosophy in the search for beauty, emphasised by the charisma of the prancing horse Make.
With the Mythos, Pininfarina is the first among the indipendent design companies all over the world to take part at the Tokyo Motor Show.

1990

Honda Argento Vivo - CNR Eta Beta

New research prototypes are developed in the Nineties, many of them directed at tackling energy and environmental problems: the CNR E2 of 1990, the Ethos and the GM Chrono of 1991, the Fiat Cinquecento pick-up of 1992, the Ethos 2 of 1993, the Ethos 3 of 1994 and the Ethos 3 EV of 1995, the Honda Argento Vivo of 1995, the Fiat Sing and Song and CNR Eta Beta of 1996, the Peugeot Nautilus of 1997, the Alfa Romeo Dardo of 1998, the Wish and the Metrocubo of 1999.

1991

Pininfarina Deutschland Gmbh is set up to operate in the German market in the field of car engineering, tooling and model making.

1992

Ferrari F355 Berlinetta - Ferrari F50 - Alfa Romeo Spider e GTV

Design activities in the Nineties in cooperation with manufacturers produce the Ferrari 512 TR, 456 GT 2+2, the Peugeot 306 Cabriolet, the Ferrari F355 Berlinetta, F355 Spider and F50, the Alfa Romeo Spider and GTV, the Ferrari 550 Maranello and 456M , the Peugeot 406 Coupé and Saloon and the Ferrari 360 Modena and Spider.

1994

Ferrari 456 GT - Peugeot 306 Cabriolet

Between 1992 and 1994 the range manufactured by Pininfarina is completely renewed with four new models: the Ferrari 456 GT, the Coupé Fiat, the Peugeot 306 Cabriolet and the Bentley Azure. Production of the Lancia k Station Wagon is added in 1996.

1995

Ethos - Ethos 2 - Ethos 3

About half a million people visit the Museum of Fine Arts in Montreal to see the exhibition “Beauté Mobile: un siècle de chef d’oeuvres automobiles”, where Pininfarina is invited to illustrate the future of the car through the Ethos research project.

1996

Peugeot 406 Coupé

Pininfarina starts cooperation with Chinese company Hafei Industrial Group Corporation providing styling, engineering and development services in the automotive field.
On show in Paris the Peugeot 406 Coupé: designed, developed and produced by Pininfarina, the 406 Coupé receives many important prizes, for the excellence and quality of its design: “The Most Beautiful Coupé of the World 1997”, Milan Triennale, “Car Design Award 1997”, Turin, “The Most Beautiful Car of the Year 1998”, Festival of Chamonix.

1997

Peugeot Nautilus

An agreement is made with Mitsubishi Motors Corporation for the production of the Pajero Pinin in the new Pininfarina plant in Bairo Canavese, Italy.
At the Geneva Motor Show the Peugeot Nautilus is presented: an exciting study of form meant to interpret in purely stylistic terms the theme of large and high-class sporty sedans.

1998

Alfa Romeo Dardo

A third manufacturing plant in San Giorgio Canavese is opened.
The Alfa Romeo Dardo, presented in Turin, a pure formal study, is a spider with a powerful impact. “Car of the Year”1998, the Dardo is intended to be a homage to a trademark, Alfa Romeo, that incarnates several of the finest qualities of Italian cars: sportiness, imagination, technology and performance.

1999

Pajero Pinin - Ferrari 360 Modena - Metrocubo - Fiat Wish

The Mitsubishi Pajero Pinin joins Pininfarina’s production range, which also includes the Bentley Azure, the Coupé Fiat, the Lancia k Station Wagon, the Peugeot 306 Cabriolet and 406 Coupé.
Frankfurt sees the debut of Metrocubo, a further project of an environmentally-friendly car, developed with 9 technical partners and in particular with Michelin, and Fiat Wish, conceived by Pininfarina to commemorate the Centenary Fiat, a technological study for a 2+2 convertible capable of being transformed in a few seconds from Cabriolet to Coupé and back.
World debut of the Ferrari 360 Modena, fruit of the technical, functional and aerodynamic progress, which has been translated into an innovative shape but always in the tradition of pure Ferrari personality.

2000

Prototipo di Ricerca Rossa - Ferrari 550 Barchetta

At the Turin Motor Show, Pininfarina's 70 years in the business are celebrated by the world preview of the “rossa” research prototype and receives the Concept Car of the Year Award.
In Paris, world debut of the 550 Barchetta, to which Ferrari has given the name Pininfarina for the first time on the occasion of the Company's 70th anniversary.

2001

Citroën Osée - Ford Start

Pininfarina S.p.A. increases its interest in Pininfarina Extra s.r.l. from 20% to full control.
In January makes its debut the Hyundai Matrix, a two-box sedan designed by Pininfarina.
Two new concepts presented: on show in Geneva the Osée, based on Citroën mechanicals, that was voted the "Best Concept", and the Start, on show in Frankfurt, realised on Ford mechanicals and technology, in homage to the new collaboration with Ford Europe GmbH.

2002

Ferrari 575 M Maranello - Centro Engineering - Ford Streetka

corporate name into Pininfarina Ricerca e Sviluppo S.p.A..
Foundation of Open Air Systems GmbH, 50-50 joint venture between Pininfarina and Webasto to design, engineer and produce retractable roof systems.
Launch of the new Ford Streetka, engineered and manufactured by Pininfarina.
Inauguration of the new Engineering Centre. It stands in 12,000 sq.m. over 6,000 sq.m. of which is built on, and enhances Pininfarina capabilities, enabling the Company to offer engineering services on the market alongside its traditional styling and design skills.
Memorandum of understanding signed with Volvo Car Corporation.
The Ferrari 575M Maranello, the front-engined berlinetta with superlative technical and performance content, makes its debut.
The Founder Battista "Pinin" Farina enters the European Automotive Hall of Fame.
The styling/engineering cooperation with the Chinese Company Hafei, started in 1996, is celebrated by the exhibition at the Beijing Motor Show of a concept, the HF Fantasy, a sporting and top class saloon.
This year also signs the debut of a new extraordinary Ferrari, the “Enzo” a limited edition supercar which, in line with the previous F40 and F50, expressed the supreme transfer of technology from F1 to Ferrari GT road cars.
The production range now includes the Ford StreetKa, the Alfa Romeo GTV and Spider, the Mitsubishi Pajero Pinin 3 and 5-door and the Peugeot 406 Coupé.
The new four-door GM - Daewoo Nubira saloon, designed by Pininfarina, makes its debut at the Seoul Motor Show 2002, enhancing the cooperation with the Korean manufacturer started with the styling of the compact MPV Tacuma in 2000.

2003

Maserati Quattroporte - Ferrari 612 Scaglietti - Enjoy

Acquisition of Matra Automobile’s engineering, testing and prototyping businesses.
Establishment of Pininfarina Sverige AB in Uddevalla, Sweden, a joint venture (60% Pininfarina S.p.A., 40% Volvo Car Corporation) responsible for producing a new generation of convertible Volvo cars.
World debuts of the Maserati Quattroporte and the Ferrari 612 Scaglietti, both designed by Pininfarina.
The prototype Enjoy, developed with Lotus cooperation and presented at the Geneva Show, is a roadster conceived to be used on the road and on the circuit thanks to its modular structure with central body and four removable wings. Enjoy won the “Most Fun”prize at the 2003 Geneva Motor Show and the Special Prize “for the genius of the concept”awarded by The World’s most Beautiful Automobile jury (Milan, 2003).
Still in Geneva made its world debut the new Alfa Romeo Spider and GTV designed and built by Pininfarina in its plants.
Celebration of the collaboration with Jaguar on the X-Type Wagon, a first example of the Pininfarina activity in the product engineering field.

2004

Hafei Saibao - Torcia Olimpica - Ferrari F430 - Pininfarina Nido

Merger by absorption of Industrie Pininfarina S.p.A. and Pininfarina Ricerca e Sviluppo S.p.A. into Pininfarina S.p.A..
World premiere of two concepts, Saturn Curve and Chevy Nomad, built by Pininfarina on General Motor’s style.
Unveiling in the heart of Turin of the Winter Olympic Games Countdown Clock designed by Pininfarina, that will be also responsible for design and production of the Olympic Torch.
An agreement was signed with Morocco Government representatives for setting up, in Morocco, an engineering centre controlled by Matra Automobile Engineering.
World debut in Beijing for a Hafei Saibao sedan for which Pininfarina has developed the design and the engineering.
At the Paris Motor Show Pininfarina Nido, a safety research prototype, was presented in a world preview and won the Most Beautiful Car of the Year award in the Prototype and Concept Car category. The Ferrari F430 coupe designed by Pininfarina made its debut in Paris as well.
Partnership with Ford of Europe was extended signing a new contract to build, at Pininfarina's manufacturing facilities, the new Focus convertible.
An agreement was reached with Mitsubishi Motors Europe for the design and development of the Colt coupé-cabriolet and its production at the Pininfarina plants starting early 2006.
Handover of Pininfarina’s 50% share in the joint venture Open Air Systems GmbH to Webasto.

2005

Birdcage 75th - Andrea Pininfarina e Salaheddine Mezouar, Ministro dell'Industria - Ferrari Superamerica

Debut in Detroit of the Ferrari Superamerica designed by Pininfarina.
Pininfarina celebrated 75 years of activity with the world debut, in Geneva, of the concept “Birdcage 75th”, realized in collaboration with Maserati and Motorola, winner of the “Best Concept” Award.
World debut, in Geneva, of the Ferrari F430 Spider designed by Pininfarina, the Mitsubishi Colt coupe-cabriolet and the styling model of a new car of the Saibao family realized for AviChina (Hafei). Pininfarina has developed the design and the engineering.
Unveiled in Geneva, on the Alfa Romeo stand, the Alfa Romeo Brera concept, which will be manufactured by Pininfarina starting from the second half of 2005.
Inauguration of the Matra Automobile Engineering Maroc, in Casablanca.

2006

Mitsubishi Colt CZC - Ferrari P4/5 by Pininfarina - Alfa Romeo Spider

“Louis Vuitton Classic Concept Award” assigned to Maserati Birdcage 75th.
On display on the Pininfarina stand at the Geneva Motor Show the new Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano designed by Pininfarina, the Alfa Spider designed, engineered and manufactured by Pininfarina (winner of the Cabrio of the Year Award), the Mitsubishi Colt CZC and the Volvo C70.
An exclusive custom-made car, the Ferrari 612 Scaglietti “K” by Pininfarina, commissioned to Pininfarina by the American car collector, Peter Kalikow, was exhibited at the 2006 Villa d’Este Concours d’Elegance.
On May 12 the Board of Directors elected Andrea Pininfarina Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and Paolo Pininfarina Deputy Chairman. Sergio Pininfarina was elected Honorary Chairman by unanimous voice vote.
On July 20 the recently established MPX GmbH subsidiary bought the design operations of MSX International Engineering GmbH, based in Munich (Germany), for 3.5 million euros. On July 28 the Pininfarina Deutschland subsidiary signed a contract to sell its operations that manufacture models and calipers, effective October 1, 2006. It did not sell its engineering operations, which in the coming years will be strengthened and integrated with the newly acquired MPX GmbH.
The Ferrari P4/5 by Pininfarina custom-built for the American collector James Glickenhaus played a leading role in Pebble Beach Concours d’Elegance in August and made its European debut at the Paris Motor Show together with the new Ford Focus Coupe-Cabriolet designed and developed in close cooperation with Pininfarina and manufactured at the Pininfarina plant in Bairo (Turin).
Inauguration of the T-Belt, the new Ground Effect Simulation System installed in the full-scale Pininfarina Wind Tunnel in Grugliasco (Turin).

Panoz

Panoz is an automobile manufacturer whose sexy sports cars are exotics in the truest sense of the word. The company's cars are drop-dead gorgeous and come with steep price tags; additionally, given the fact that a relatively small number of Panoz cars are made each year, a Panoz offers more exclusivity than your typical Ferrari or Bentley. Panoz makes only sports cars and its current lineup consists of just one model, the Esperante, available in both roadster and coupe body styles. Introduced in 2001 and relatively unchanged since then, the Esperante is hand-built and made mostly of aluminum.

The Panoz story begins with Eugene Panunzio, a champion boxer who emigrated to the U.S. from Italy in the early 1900s. He shortened his last name to Panoz and settled in West Virginia. In 1960 his son Donald started the Mylan Laboratories pharmaceutical company; nine years later, Donald and his family moved to Ireland where he started another drug company, called Elan Pharmaceuticals. Donald's 26-year-old car-enthusiast son, Daniel, ended up working for the Thompson Motor Company (TMC) in 1988. TMC went out of business that same year and Donald bought the rights to one of its chassis, which was designed by Frank Costin, an engineer who'd made a name for himself building racecar chassis for Maserati and Lotus.

The next year saw the birth of the Panoz Automotive Development Company. A small, renovated salt storage shed located near Atlanta was the site of company headquarters. In 1990, Panoz brought out its first car, a powerful, cycle-fendered roadster called simply the Panoz Roadster. Initially, the Panoz cars were only produced to order, and hence not many were made. By 1996, the Roadster, now called the AIV Roadster, saw full production. The following year Panoz introduced the Esperante racecar, which saw success in USRRC and American Le Mans racing series. By the end of the decade, the Panoz family empire had grown to include racing venues, the American Le Mans series and a racing school.

In 2001, the Esperante became available as a street car and is now the sole model offered by Panoz. On its hood is the company's crest. Created by Daniel Panoz himself, its red, white and blue coloring references the fact that the company is based in the U.S. Its swirls are a nod to the Japanese yin-yang symbol, and at the center is a shamrock, which points to the roots of the first chassis Panoz developed.

The marque is a worthy choice for well-heeled buyers looking for exotic sports cars that offer supreme exclusivity and world-class handling.

Oldsmobile

The History Of Oldsmobile

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Oldsmobile

Oldsmobile (or Olds + Mobile) was a brand of automobile founded by Ransom E. Olds, and was produced in the United States from 1897 to 2004. In its 107 years, it produced 35.2 million cars, including at least 14 million built at its Lansing factory. When it was phased out, Oldsmobile was the oldest surviving American automobile marque, and one of the oldest in the world, after Daimler and Peugeot. Two of Oldsmobile's models, mainly trucks, have now been given new life as Buicks, such as the Buick Terraza (formerly the Oldsmobile Silhouette) and the Buick Rainier (formerly the Oldsmobile Bravada).

History

Oldsmobiles were first manufactured by the Olds Motor Vehicle Company in Lansing, Michigan, a company founded by Ransom E. Olds in 1897. In 1901, Olds introduced the Curved Dash Olds which sold 425 cars, becoming the first high-volume car of the day. Olds became, for a few years, the top selling car company in the United States. Ransom Olds left the company in financial difficulties and formed the REO Motor Car Company. The last Curved Dash Olds was made in 1907, and in 1908, General Motors purchased the company.

Oldsmobile advances

Both before and after acquisition by General Motors, Oldsmobiles were marketed for their technical sophistication. The list of "firsts" is quite extensive:

In 1893, Ransom Eli Olds' company (Olds Motor Works, the predecessor of Oldsmobile) becomes the first American car company to export an automobile. It is a four-wheeled steam-powered vehicle sold to a citizen of India.

In 1901, three Oldsmobile innovations occur. The first speedometer to be offered on a car is on an Oldsmobile. The US Postal Service orders its first motor vehicles from Oldsmobile. Oldsmobile becomes the first car company to outsource parts to third-party suppliers. It is forced to do this when a fire destroys the main Oldsmobile plant in Lansing, MI, and cripples the company's ability to build cars using its own parts.

In 1926, Oldsmobile begins chrome-plating the radiator surrounds and other parts on its cars. This was the first automotive use of chrome plating.

In 1929, Oldsmobile introduced the first monoblock V8 on its Viking model.

1932 sees Oldsmobile become the first manufacturer to offer an automatic choke on an automobile.

In 1940, Oldsmobile introduced "Hydra-matic Drive," the first fully automatic transmission to be offered on a widely-available automobile. This is the forefather of every automatic transmission offered today.

Their 1949 Rocket engine was made notable as the first mass-produced OHV V8.

1962-1963 Oldsmobile Jetfire: Oldsmobile brought the first turbocharged passenger car engine to market in its Cutlass F-85 coupes and convertibles. The aluminum-block 215 in³ V8 engine with turbocharger produced one hp per in³.

While not the first American-built passenger car to use front wheel drive, the 1966 Toronado was the first of its type to prove successful in the American marketplace. It won Motor Trends Car of Year in 1966 with its unique and innovative styling.

In 1974, Oldsmobile became the first American car company to offer a driver's side airbag. It was available in the Toronado.

In 1988, Oldsmobile broke a world closed-course speed record with the Oldsmobile Aerotech, driven by legendary race car driver A.J. Foyt.

1988 also saw Oldsmobile introduce a heads up display option on the Cutlass Supreme International Series. When turned on, it allowed drivers to view the speedometer reading on the inside of the windshield. This option later became available on the Corvette.

Oldsmobile was also the first carmaker in the world to offer a GPS-based navigation system on a production automobile. The system, called GuideStar, was a $1,995 option on the 1996 Eighty-Eight LSS. This in turn led to the introduction of GM's current 'OnStar' system.

In 1997, Oldsmobile turns 100 years old. It is the first American car company to reach this milestone.

In 2001, the fully redesigned 2002 Oldsmobile Bravada SUV became the first truck ever to pace the Indianapolis 500. It was the eleventh and final time an Oldsmobile would pace the open-wheel race.

Oldsmobile was also frequently early with other features, such as automatic headlight dimmers and the 1950's panoramic windshields. Their "Rocket 88" theme hood ornament treatment was also the reference name for their advanced over-head valve V-8 engines, from 1949 onward.

Model timeline

Early models

The 1901 to 1904 Curved Dash was the first mass-produced car, and was also the first American car to be exported. Oldsmobile set a land speed record of 54.38 mph at Daytona Beach in the 1903 Pirate. The 1903 Model R curved dash was the number one selling car in the United States, selling for $650. Ransom Olds left Oldsmobile in 1904. Oldsmobile advertising pointed out that keeping a horse cost its owner and estimated $108 a year, whereas the owner of an Oldsmobile spent an average of $35 per year in fuel and maintenance.

In 1908, Oldsmobile became the first manufacturer to begin using nickel, rather than brass, trim.

The 1910 Limited Touring was a high point for the company. Riding atop 42 in wheels, and equipped with factory "white" tires, the Limited was the prestige model in Oldsmobile’s two-model lineup. The Limited retailed for US$4,600, an amount greater than the purchase of a new, no-frills three bedroom house. For their money, buyers received goatskin upholstery, a 60hp (45kW) 707in³ (11.6L) straight-6 engine, Bosch Magneto starter, running boards and room for five. Options included a speedometer, clock and a full glass windshield. A limousine version was priced at $5,800. While Oldsmobile only sold 725 Limiteds in its three years of production, the car is best remembered for winning a race against the famed 20th Century Limited locomotive, an event immortalized in the painting "Setting the Pace" by William Harnden Foster.

1912-1938

In 1912, Oldsmobile began using two-digit model designators, beginning with the Oldsmobile 40 and Oldsmobile 53. The first digit generally signified the body size and the second signified the year throughout the 1920s. The company introduced chrome-plated trim, on the radiator shell of their 1926 model.

In 1929, the marque launched the V8-powered Viking, designed to help bridge the price gap between Oldsmobile and Buick, however, the Viking was discontinued in 1930.

1939-1959

In the 1930s through the 1990s, Oldsmobile used a two-digit model designation similar to that used by the European makes today. As originally implemented, the first digit signified the body size while the second represents the number of cylinders. Body sizes were 6, 7, 8, and 9, and 6 and 8-cylinder engines were offered. Thus, Oldsmobiles were named 66 through 98.

Olds dropped the 66 before the introduction of its "Rocket" engines, leaving only the 88 and the 98. In the 1950s the nomenclature changed again, and trim levels also received names that were then mated with the model numbers. This resulted in the Oldsmobile 88 emerging as base Dynamic 88 the better trimmed Delta 88, and the highline Super 88. Other fullsize model names included the "Holiday" used on hardtops, and "Fiesta" used on its station wagons. When the 98 was retired in the 1990s, its length of service was the longest of any model name used on American cars.

1950s styling

Oldsmobile entered the 1950s following a divisional image campaign centered on its "Rocket" engines, and its cars appearances followed suit in their themes. By the mid 1950s, their styling was among the first to offer a wide, "open maw" grille, suggestive of jet propulsion. Oldsmobile adopted a ringed-globe emblem to stress what marketers felt was its universal appeal. Throughout the 1950s, the make used twin jet pod-styled taillights, again, as a nod to its "Rocket" theme. Oldsmobile was among the first of GM's divisions to receive a true hardtop in 1948, and it was also the among the first divisions (along with Buick and Cadillac) to receive a wraparound windshield - a trend that eventually all American makes would share at sometime between 1953 and 1964.

1957

GM styling as a whole lost its frontrunner status in 1957 when Chrysler introduced Virgil Exner's "Forward Look" designs. When compared side to side, Oldsmobile looked dated next to its price-point competitor DeSoto. Compounding the problem for Oldsmobile and Buick was a styling mistake which GM called the "Strato Roof". Both makes had models which contained the heavily framed rear window, but Detroit had been working with large curved backlights for almost a decade - consumers disliked the roof and its blind spots, forcing GM to rush a redesign into production on some of its models.

1958

Oldsmobile's only off year in the 1950s was 1958. The nation was beginning to feel the results of its first significant post war recession, and all U.S automobile sales were off for the model year. However, Oldsmobile, Buick and Cadillac received a heavy-handed makeover of the 1957 GM designs. The Oldsmobile that emerged in 1958 bore little resemblance to the design of its forerunners; instead the car emerged as a large, over-decorated "chromemobile".

Popular Mechanics automobile writer Tom McCahill liked the cars performance, but felt that the outside appeared to be designed by two separate studios, working without knowing what the other was up to. Up front, all 1958 Oldsmobiles received one of GM's heavily styled front fascias and quad-headlights. Streaking back from the edge of the headlights, was a broad belt of consisting of two strips on regular 88s, three strips on Super 88s, and three strips (top and bottom thin, inside thick on 98s) of chrome that ended in a point at mid-body. But the bottom of the rear fender featured a thick stamping of a half tube that pointed forward, atop which was a chrome assembly of four horizontal chrome speed-lines that terminated into a vertical bar. The tail of the car featured massive vertical chrome taillight housings; two chrome stars were fitted to the trunklid.

Ford styling consultant Alex Tremulis (designer of the 1948 Tucker Sedan) mocked the 1958 Oldsmobile by drawing cartoons of the car, and placing musical notes in the rear trim assembly. Another Detroit stylist employed by Ford bought a used 1958 Oldsmobile in the early 1960s, driving it daily to work; he had detached and rearranged the OLDSMOBILE lettering above the grille of the car to spell out SLOBMODEL as a reminder to himself and his co-workers of what "bad" auto design meant to their business.

Notable models produced from 1939 to 1959:

• Oldsmobile Series 60 Special - 66/68
• Oldsmobile Series 70 Dynamic Cruiser - 76/78
• Oldsmobile Series 90 Custom Cruiser - 96/98
• Oldsmobile 88 (1949-1999) - Oldsmobile's standard model. Introduced with Oldsmobile's new overhead valve, high-compression Rocket V8, it gave the 88 a reputation for performance.
• Oldsmobile Super 88 (1951 - 1964} - an upgraded 88 with a more powerful engine and luxurious interior trim.
• Oldsmobile DeLuxe 88 (1952 - 1953} - lowest priced Oldsmobile model that replaced the original 88.
• Oldsmobile 98 (1946-1997) - Oldsmobile's premium model.
• Oldsmobile Fiesta (1953) - an ultra-luxurious and expensive convertible based on the 98 ragtop and featured distinctive two-tone paint scheme and one of the first automobiles to feature the wraparound windshield that would appear on all Oldsmobiles (as well as Buicks and Cadillacs in 1954 and most other American cars by 1955). The Fiesta nameplate would reappear on Oldsmobile station wagons from 1957 to 1964.
• Oldsmobile F88 (1954) - a concept car designed by Harley J. Earl. Four were made but only one survived. The last one, styling order #2265 (which sold for $3 million at the 2005 Barret-Jackson Auto Auction), was snuck out of the Oldsmobile factory in pieces, then rebuilt and either sold or given to E. L. Cord. The F88 was intended to be Oldsmobile's response to the Chevrolet Corvette; which was also designed by Harley Earl. GM terminated the project as it was a threat to its strong Corvette fanbase.
• Oldsmobile Golden Rocket 88 (1957) - a one-year only nameplate used on Oldsmobile's lowest-priced model.
• Oldsmobile Dynamic 88 (1958 - 1966) - Oldsmobile's lowest-priced line of fullsized cars, usually powered by a lower horsepower Rocket V8 engine than its Super 88 and 98 counterparts.

1960s

In the 1960s, Oldsmobile's position between Pontiac and Buick in GM's hierarchy began to dissolve. Notable achievements included the introduction of the first turbocharged engine in 1962 (the Turbo Jetfire), the first modern front wheel drive car (the 1966 Toronado), the Vista Cruiser station wagon (noted for its roof glass), and the upscale 442 muscle car. Olds briefly used the names Jetstar 88" (1963-1966) and Delmont 88" (1967-1968) on its least expensive fullsize models in the 1960s.

Notable models for the 1960s:

• Oldsmobile 442 - began as a 1964 muscle car option package (4-barrel carburetor, 4-speed manual transmission, 2 exhausts) on the F-85/Cutlass. In 1965, to better compete with the Pontiac GTO, the original 330 in³ V8 rated at 310 hp was replaced by a new 400 in³ V8 rated at 345 hp. The 442 definition was changed to "4" hundred in³ V8 engine, "4"-barrel carburetor, and "2" exhaust pipes. In 1968, the 442 became its own model and got an even larger 455 in³ (7.4 L) V8 engine in 1970.
• Oldsmobile Cutlass (1961 - 1999) - mid-size car. Oldsmobile's best seller in the 1970s and 1980s, and in some of those years America's best selling car. In 1966, a top-line Cutlass Supreme was introduced as a four-door hardtop sedan with a more powerful 320 horsepower 330 cubic-inch Jetfire Rocket V8 than the regular F-85/Cutlass models, a more luxurious interior and other trimmings. In 1967, the Cutlass Supreme was expanded to a full series also including two-door hardtop and pillared coupes, a convertible and a four-door pillared sedan.
• Oldsmobile F-85 (1961-1972) - compact sedan, coupe and station wagon powered by a 215 in³ aluminum block V8 engine from 1961 to 1963. In 1964, the F-85 was upgraded to an intermediate-sized car and the aluminum V8 was replaced by conventional cast-iron six-cylinder and V8 engines. The Cutlass was initially the top model of the F-85 line but became a model in its own right by 1964 with the F-85 nameplate continued only on the lowest-priced models through the 1972 model year, after which time all Oldsmobile intermediates were Cutlasses.
• Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser (1964-1977) - a stretched wheelbase Cutlass station wagon (to "120" in from "115" in) featuring an elevated roof over the rear seat and cargo area and glass skylights over the rear seat. Three-seat models featured forward facing seating, at a time when most three-seat station wagons had the third row of seats facing the rear.
• Oldsmobile Starfire (1961-1966) - a sporty and luxurious hardtop coupe and convertible based on the 88. The Starfire featured interiors with leather bucket seats and a center console with floor shifter, along with a standard Hydra-Matic transmission, power steering and brakes (and power windows and seats on convertibles). It was powered by Oldsmobile's most powerful Rocket V8 engine, a 394 in³ engine from 1961 to 1964 rated from 330 to 345 hp, and a larger 425 in³ Super Rocket V8 from 1965 to 1966, rated at 375 hp.
• Oldsmobile Jetstar I (1964-1965) - a sporty hardtop coupe based on the 88/Starfire with a sporty interior, featuring Moroceen vinyl bucket seats and console along with the powerful Rocket V8 shared with the Starfire. It was offered as the lower-priced alternative to the Starfire. Transmission offerings included a column-shift three-speed manual, Hydra-Matic or four-speed manual with a floor-mounted Hurst shifter. (Note, between 1963 and 1966, Oldsmobile named its least expensive fullsize model the Oldsmobile Jetstar 88 which the Jetstar I was not related to, and priced $500-$600 below the Jetstar I.)
• Oldsmobile Toronado (1966-1992) - a front wheel drive coupe in the personal luxury car category, introduced in 1966; at the time, the largest and most powerful front wheel drive car ever produced - and one of the first modern front wheel drive cars equipped with an automatic transmission. The original Toronado was powered by a 425 in³ Super Rocket V8 engine rated at 385 hp, mated to a three-speed Turbo Hydra-Matic transmission. The Toronado was Motor Trend magazine's 1966 "Car of the Year."

1970s-1980s

Oldsmobile sales soared in the 1970s and 1980s based on solid car reviews from critics and the reliability of its legendary Rocket V8 engines, with the Cutlass and Cutlass Supreme becoming the best-selling vehicles in the United States. In fact, from 1976 to 1987, the Oldsmobile Cutlass was the number 1 selling car in North America. In 1984, it was claimed that Oldsmobile was making more vehicles per year than the Ford Motor Company.

Notable models:

• Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme (1970-1997) - more performance and luxury than the lower priced Cutlass and Cutlass S models, fitting in at the bottom of the personal luxury car market. Rooflines of the coupe models were generally shared with the lower-priced Pontiac Grand Prix and Chevrolet Monte Carlo.
• Oldsmobile Omega (1973-1984) - compact car based on the Chevrolet Nova and later the Chevrolet Citation.
• Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera (1982-1996) - midsized car based on GM's A platform.
• Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser (1971-1992) - fullsize station wagon.
• Oldsmobile Starfire (1975-1980) - sporty compact car similar to the Chevrolet Monza, which was itself a spinoff of the Chevrolet Vega.
• Oldsmobile Firenza (1982-1988) - compact sedan, hatchback, coupe, and station wagon based on GM's J-body, sharing the same bodyshell with the Chevrolet Cavalier, Pontiac Sunbird, Buick Skyhawk and the Cadillac Cimarron.

1990s

By the 1990s, Oldsmobile had lost its place in the marketplace. The performance cars Oldsmobile had been known for gave way to rebadged models of other GM cars, as GM had shifted the performance mantle to Chevrolet and Pontiac. GM continued to use Oldsmobile to showcase futuristic designs and as a "guinea pig" for testing new technology, with Oldsmobile offering the Toronado Trofeo, which included a visual instrument system with a calendar, datebook, and climate controls. Later on, Oldsmobile introduced the Aurora, which would be the inspiration for the design of all Oldsmobiles from the mid-1990s onward. However, by this time, GM had shifted Oldsmobile from a technology leader to a manufacturer that filled the slot between Pontiac and Buick. Oldsmobile also received a new logo, but b